Ricardo Silva Cardoso

A insegurança alimentar e nutricional (IAN), continua sendo prevalente tanto em países subdesenvolvidos como em desenvolvimento. A recente pandemia pela COVID-19, acarretou um cenário de desemprego, escassez da produção, distribuição e disponibilidade de alimentos no Brasil e no mundo, aumentando assim, o grupo de risco de IAN. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo, identificar os pescados mais consumidos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro e explorar dados de sua composição proteica que podem ser benéficos na prevenção da IAN. Foi realizada uma pesquisa transversal usando bases de dados secundários de órgãos Nacionais: Secretaria de Agricultura e Pesca (SAP) do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento do Brasil (MAPA), Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) .Após a obtenção dos pescados mais consumidos ,foram calculados os teores de proteína e de aminoácidos comumente mais limitantes nas dietas, e determinados: o escore químico de aminoácidos (EQ) , o escore químico de aminoácidos corrigido pela digestibilidade verdadeira (PDCAAS) e o nível de adequação nutricional para adultos. Os resultados revelaram que os pescados consumidos têm teor de proteína, semelhante à outras carnes, e é de alto valor biológico. Ao mesmo tempo, o aminograma das espécies marinhas revelou ser capaz de proporcionar elevada adequação nutricional às necessidades de adultos. Assim, esse trabalho destaca a relevância dos recursos marinhos para a saúde humana e sua utilização como estratégia para minimizar a insegurança alimentar e nutricional.

Aim: While geographical patterns of species richness are reasonably well explored for single well‐studied taxa, less is known about aggregate patterns of total richness for major biomes and their environmental correlates. Here we analyse continental‐scale aggregate patterns of macrofaunal diversity for sandy beaches, a dominant habitat along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of South America.Location: South American coastlines.Time period: Present day (data amassed from studies performed since 1971).Major taxa studied: Benthic macrofauna, including crustaceans, polychaetes and molluscs.Methods: We compiled richness information for all macrofaunal groups on 263 sandy beaches in South America using standard criteria. We further matched these data with environmental variables including sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll a, grain size, beach slope, tide range and various morphometrics. We used generalized linear mixed models to relate environmental factors to observed variation in total macrofaunal richness across all beaches, testing competing hypotheses about environmental correlates and possible drivers of latitudinal diversity.Results: Macrofaunal richness decreased from tropical to temperate beaches in the Pacific and followed a parabolic trend in the Atlantic, with the highest biodiversity found at tropical and mid‐latitudinal bands. Beach slope, tidal range and chlorophyll a mostly explained latitudinal trends in macrofaunal richness, followed by grain size, SST and ocean basin.Main conclusions: This study indicates that richness of macrofaunal species at a given beach is most closely related to characteristics of the physical habitat, such as beach slope, area and grain size. At this scale, planktonic food supply also appeared to be more important than temperature, which is a dominant explanatory variable of global‐scale variation in species richness.

Log-spiral beaches display defined physical gradients alongshore. However, the majority of studies focus on the variability of a single population of macrofauna species. We aimed to investigate the variation in species distribution and in community structure along ten transects on a log-spiral beach. Principal component analysis indicated a clear physical gradient alongshore. Redundancy analysis showed that the sheltered end was related to smaller particle sizes, higher organic matter content and high densities of polychaetes. The exposed end was characterized by coarser sand, lower organic matter content and a high presence of crustaceans. Model selection indicated that the “best fit” to explain the variability in the number of individuals included grain size and beach slope. Variability of the polychaete Scolelepis squamata was best explained by grain size, slope and sediment sorting. The best model for the cirolanid Excirolana armata only included sediment sorting. The physical gradient in sediment texture and the beach slope explained more than one-third of the variability in community structure. The physical variables were also correlated with the distribution of the individual species. We showed that the physical gradient on log-spiral coasts may be an important driver of macrofauna variability, even at mesoscales and in dissipative conditions.

The mole crab Emerita brasiliensis inhabits exposed sandy beaches, both reflective and dissipative, along the Atlantic coast of South America, where it usually attains high biomass and production. We assessed the effects of physical characteristics of beaches (mean grain size, beach width and slope) on production and turnover rate (P/B ratio) of E. brasiliensis. Six production and P/B ratio datasets, estimated with cohort-based and size-based methods, were gathered from studies carried out on subtropical (~25°S) and temperate beaches (~32°S). Based on the estimates available, general trends were identified. Production was positively related to the intermediate/dissipative conditions of wider beaches with finer sand grains and gentler slopes. P/B ratio was negatively related to grain size (mm) and positively related to beach width. These results suggest that P/B ratios also increase towards intermediate/dissipative features due to higher growth rate, as indicated by higher values of the curvature parameter of the von Bertalanffy growth function (K) in more benign conditions (wider beaches with finer grains). In addition, the recurrent pattern of size structure on intermediate/dissipative beaches, with high frequency of recruits, leads to higher P/B ratio estimates on these beaches than on reflective beaches. The relationship of production and P/B ratio with physical features, such as mean grain size, beach width and slope indicates that a ‘short-cut’ approach to estimate Emerita brasiliensis production is a promising prospect and, therefore, more data on the production of this species should be provided.