Vanja Sisirak

Caractérisation fonctionelle des cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes infiltrant les tumeurs mammaires et identification de leurs proprietées migratoires dans les conditions inflammatoires: Les cellules dendritiques sont les principales cellules présentatrices d’antigènes, qui initient et modulent les réponses immunitaires. Parmi elles, les cellules dendritiques plasmacytoïdes (pDC) représentent les cellules effectrices clés de la réponse antivirale par leur production de fortes quantités d’interférons de type I (IFN). Leur infiltration dans les tumeurs mammaires est un facteur de mauvais pronostique, indiquant que l’environnement tumoral détourne la fonction des pDC pour qu’elles favorisent la croissance tumorale. Dans ce contexte, nous avons démontré que les pDC infiltrant les tumeurs (TiPDC) mammaires conservent leur capacité d’acquérir un phénotype mature en réponse aux ligands des TLR 7 et 9 et d’activer la prolifération des lymphocytes T naïfs, alors qu’elles sont fortement altérées pour leur production d’IFN de type I. Cette altération fonctionnelle est induite par le TGF-β et le TNFα produits par l’environnement tumoral. La phosphorylation de SMAD dans les TipDC in situ confirme le rôle de la signalisation du TGF-β dans la dysfonction des pDC. Ces observations i) démontrent les mécanismes par lesquels les tumeurs mammaires inhibent la fonction des pDC et ii) fournissent de nouvelles pistes thérapeutiques visant à bloquer les facteurs tumoraux responsables de l’altération fonctionnelle des pDC. Outre leur capacité à infiltrer différents types de tumeurs dont les carcinomes, les pDC sont également recrutées dans les épithéliums inflammés lors d’infections virales ou de pathologies autoimmunes. Les mécanismes régulant cette migration restent à ce jour peu élucidés. Dans ce contexte, nous démontrons qu’une sous-population de pDC dans l’amygdale co-exprime CCR6 et CCR10, les récepteurs aux chimiokines CCL20 et CCL27/28 responsables du recrutement des cellules immunes dans les sites épithéliaux. In situ, les pDC sont retrouvées en contact étroit avec les ligands de CCR6 et CCR10 dans les épithéliums inflammés, suggérant que les couples CCR6-CCL20 et CCR10-CCL27/28 contrôlent la migration des pDC dans ces sites. Ces observations ont été confirmées in vivo puisque le recrutement des pDC dans des tumeurs de mélanome induit lors d’une inflammation est aboli dans les souris déficientes pour CCR6. De plus, les pDC circulantes humaines acquièrent l’expression de CCR6 et CCR10 in vitro en présence d’IL-3 tout en conservant parallèlement leur capacité de produire de l’IFN de type I en réponse au virus. Ainsi, nos résultats démontrent que les pDC circulantes pourraient êtres conditionnées via l’expression de CCR6 et CCR10 à migrer dans les épithéliums inflammés lors de pathologies infectieuses et non-infectieuses, où elles seraient capables d’exercer leurs fonctions innées. Ces travaux pourraient mener au développement de nouvelles stratégies thérapeutique basées sur la mobilisation et la manipulation des fonctions des pDC de l’induction de tolérance à l’induction d’immunité anti-tumorale de type anti-virale

Obesity, a global health crisis affecting 16% of the world population, is characterized by chronic inflammation that contributes to health complications such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). Emerging evidence suggests that self-DNA released from dying cells aberrantly activates inflammatory responses during obesity. However, the role of extracellular deoxyribonucleases (DNASEs), which at steady state regulate abundance of extracellular self-DNA, remains poorly understood in this context. Here, we show that individuals with obesity exhibit elevated levels of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) with a distinctive end-motif signature, anti-DNASE1L3 autoantibodies and a reduction in circulating DNASE activity. These cfDNA alterations correlate with the severity of obesity and can be corrected by therapeutic intervention such as bariatric surgery. Similarly, mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) displayed increased cfDNA levels and decreased DNASE activity. Genetic deficiency of the extracellular nuclease DNASE1L3 in mice worsened HFD-induced metabolic complications, including glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, MASLD, and metabolic tissue inflammation. Conversely, targeted supplementation of DNASE1L3 in the liver using adeno-associated viral vectors protected obese mice from developing MASLD and liver inflammation. These findings uncover a novel role of DNASE1L3 in controlling obesity-associated inflammation and its potential therapeutic use for preventing metabolic disease.

We induced systemic sclerosis (SSc)-like disease in both wild-type and Dnase1l3-deficient mice using two distinct approaches involving bleomycin and hypochlorous acid injections. Our observations revealed that the deficiency in DNASE1L3 did not affect tissue fibrosis or inflammation caused by these treatments. Despite the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms in humans with SSc pathogenesis, our study demonstrates that DNASE1L3 is dispensable in two inducible murine models of SSc-like pathogenesis.

Autoantibodies to chromatin and dsDNA are a hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In a mouse model of monogenic human SLE caused by DNASE1L3 deficiency, the anti-DNA response is dependent on endosomal nucleic acid-sensing TLRs TLR7 and TLR9. In this study, we report that this response also required TLR2, a surface receptor for microbial products that is primarily expressed on myeloid cells. Cell transfers into lymphopenic DNASE1L3-deficient mice showed that TLR2 was required for anti-DNA Ab production by lymphocytes. TLR2 was detectably expressed on B cells and facilitated the production of IL-6 by B cells activated in the presence of microbial products. Accordingly, treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics or Ab-mediated blockade of IL-6 delayed the anti-DNA response in DNASE1L3-deficient mice. These studies reveal an unexpected B cell–intrinsic role of TLR2 in systemic autoreactivity to DNA, and they suggest that microbial products may synergize with self-DNA in the activation of autoreactive B cells in SLE.

Infiltration and dysfunction of immune cells have been documented in many types of cancers. We previously reported that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) within primary breast tumors correlate with an unfavorable prognosis for patients. The role of pDC in cancer remains unclear but they have been shown to mediate immune tolerance in other pathophysiologic contexts. We postulated that pDC may interfere with antitumor immune response and favor tolerance in breast cancer. The present study was designed to decipher the mechanistic basis for the deleterious impact of pDC on the clinical outcome. Using fresh human breast tumor biopsies (N = 60 patients), we observed through multiparametric flow cytometry increased tumor-associated (TA) pDC (TApDC) rates in aggressive breast tumors, i.e., those with high mitotic index and the so-called triple-negative breast tumors (TNBT). Furthermore, TApDC expressed a partially activated phenotype and produced very low amounts of IFN-α following toll-like receptor activation in vitro compared with patients' blood pDC. Within breast tumors, TApDC colocalized and strongly correlated with TA regulatory T cells (TATreg), especially in TNBT. Of most importance, the selective suppression of IFN-α production endowed TApDC with the unique capacity to sustain FoxP3+ Treg expansion, a capacity that was reverted by the addition of exogenous IFN-α. These findings indicate that IFN-α–deficient TApDC accumulating in aggressive tumors are involved in the expansion of TATreg in vivo, contributing to tumor immune tolerance and poor clinical outcome. Thus, targeting pDC to restore their IFN-α production may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy to overcome immune tolerance in breast cancer. Cancer Res; 72(20); 5188–97. ©2012 AACR.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are key regulators of antiviral immunity. In previous studies, we reported that pDC-infiltrating human primary breast tumors represent an independent prognostic factor associated with poor outcome. To understand this negative impact of tumor-associated pDC (TApDC), we developed an orthotopic murine mammary tumor model that closely mimics the human pathology, including pDC and regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration. We showed that TApDC are mostly immature and maintain their ability to internalize antigens in vivo and to activate CD4+ T cells. Most importantly, TApDC were specifically altered for cytokine production in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR)–9 ligands in vitro while preserving unaltered response to TLR7 ligands (TLR7L). In vivo pDC depletion delayed tumor growth, showing that TApDC provide an immune-subversive environment, most likely through Treg activation, thus favoring tumor progression. However, in vivo intratumoral administration of TLR7L led to TApDC activation and displayed a potent curative effect. Depletion of pDC and type I IFN neutralization prevented TLR7L antitumoral effect. Our results establish a direct contribution of TApDC to primary breast tumor progression and rationalize the application of TLR7 ligands to restore TApDC activation in breast cancer. Cancer Res; 73(15); 4629–40. ©2013 AACR.

Infiltration and dysfunction of immune cells have been documented in many types of cancers. We previously reported that plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) within primary breast tumors correlate with an unfavorable prognosis for patients. The role of pDC in cancer remains unclear but they have been shown to mediate immune tolerance in other pathophysiologic contexts. We postulated that pDC may interfere with antitumor immune response and favor tolerance in breast cancer. The present study was designed to decipher the mechanistic basis for the deleterious impact of pDC on the clinical outcome. Using fresh human breast tumor biopsies (N = 60 patients), we observed through multiparametric flow cytometry increased tumor-associated (TA) pDC (TApDC) rates in aggressive breast tumors, i.e., those with high mitotic index and the so-called triple-negative breast tumors (TNBT). Furthermore, TApDC expressed a partially activated phenotype and produced very low amounts of IFN-α following toll-like receptor activation in vitro compared with patients' blood pDC. Within breast tumors, TApDC colocalized and strongly correlated with TA regulatory T cells (TATreg), especially in TNBT. Of most importance, the selective suppression of IFN-α production endowed TApDC with the unique capacity to sustain FoxP3+ Treg expansion, a capacity that was reverted by the addition of exogenous IFN-α. These findings indicate that IFN-α–deficient TApDC accumulating in aggressive tumors are involved in the expansion of TATreg in vivo, contributing to tumor immune tolerance and poor clinical outcome. Thus, targeting pDC to restore their IFN-α production may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy to overcome immune tolerance in breast cancer. Cancer Res; 72(20); 5188–97. ©2012 AACR.

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are key regulators of antiviral immunity. In previous studies, we reported that pDC-infiltrating human primary breast tumors represent an independent prognostic factor associated with poor outcome. To understand this negative impact of tumor-associated pDC (TApDC), we developed an orthotopic murine mammary tumor model that closely mimics the human pathology, including pDC and regulatory T cell (Treg) infiltration. We showed that TApDC are mostly immature and maintain their ability to internalize antigens in vivo and to activate CD4+ T cells. Most importantly, TApDC were specifically altered for cytokine production in response to Toll-like receptor (TLR)–9 ligands in vitro while preserving unaltered response to TLR7 ligands (TLR7L). In vivo pDC depletion delayed tumor growth, showing that TApDC provide an immune-subversive environment, most likely through Treg activation, thus favoring tumor progression. However, in vivo intratumoral administration of TLR7L led to TApDC activation and displayed a potent curative effect. Depletion of pDC and type I IFN neutralization prevented TLR7L antitumoral effect. Our results establish a direct contribution of TApDC to primary breast tumor progression and rationalize the application of TLR7 ligands to restore TApDC activation in breast cancer. Cancer Res; 73(15); 4629–40. ©2013 AACR.