Manuel Morato-Moreno

En el último tercio del siglo XVI la Corona española implementó las Relaciones Geográficas para cartografiar el Nuevo Mundo mediante encuestas enviadas a cada población. La mayoría de los mapas resultantes carecieron de mediciones rigurosas, escala y coordenadas geográficas. Este artículo analiza dos excepciones notables: los mapas de Tlacotalpan y Coatzacoalcos (1580) realizados por Francisco Gali (1539-1586), navegante, explorador y cosmógrafo cuya pericia fue reconocida por el virrey Moya de Contreras como comparable “con los más escogidos de Europa”. A diferencia de la mayoría del corpus, estos mapas fueron levantados por un profesional de la navegación aplicando técnicas métrico-cosmográficas. Mediante análisis comparativo con cartografía actual y la herramienta MapAnalyst, se evaluó la precisión planimétrica de ambos documentos y se identificaron los patrones metodológicos de su autor. Los resultados muestran que el mapa de Tlacotalpan presenta errores relativos entre 1,3 % y 25,8 % en mediciones costeras, mientras que el de Coatzacoalcos revela dos escalas diferenciadas (1:428 700 costera y 1:181 200 fluvial), reflejo de metodologías de levantamiento distintas condicionadas por el territorio y las circunstancias del encargo. Ambos constituyen ejemplos tempranos de cartografía métrica y cosmográfica en Hispanoamérica.

[ENG] This study examines the integration of AutoCAD Civil 3D® software in the teaching of Graphic Expression in Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering at the University of Seville. The goal is to enhance terrain representation and optimize students' practical training. For ten years now, AutoCAD Civil 3D® has been implemented to complement traditional hand-drawing techniques. The methodology combines manual exercises with software-based practices, facilitating the transition from theoretical concepts to digital applications. The integration of the software has improved students' understanding of topographic representation and geometric design in Civil Engineering. It has also increased their interest and proficiency in digital tools applied to real projects. The study focuses on a single software and its application within a specific curriculum, which may limit its generalization to other academic contexts. The use of AutoCAD Civil 3D® has been extended to Degree's and Master's Final Projects, promoting learning aligned with industry needs. This educational innovation enhances the teaching of Graphic Expression by incorporating current tools from the Civil Engineering field, equipping students with essential digital competencies. [SPA] Este estudio analiza la incorporación del software AutoCAD Civil 3D® en la enseñanza de la asignatura Expresión Gráfica en el Grado en Ingeniería Civil en la Universidad de Sevilla. Se busca mejorar la representación del terreno y optimizar la formación práctica de los estudiantes. Desde hace diez años, se ha implementado AutoCAD Civil 3D® para complementar la enseñanza tradicional basada en dibujo manual. La metodología incluye la combinación de ejercicios a lápiz con prácticas en software, facilitando la transición del concepto teórico a su aplicación digital. La integración del software ha permitido una mejor comprensión de la representación topográfica y del diseño geométrico en Ingeniería Civil. Los estudiantes han demostrado mayor interés y habilidad en el manejo de herramientas digitales aplicadas a proyectos reales. El estudio se ha centrado en un único software y en su aplicación dentro de un plan de estudios específico, lo que podría limitar su generalización a otras titulaciones o entornos académicos. El uso de AutoCAD Civil 3D® ha sido extendido a Trabajos Fin de Grado y de Máster, promoviendo un aprendizaje alineado con las necesidades del sector profesional. Esta innovación docente mejora la enseñanza de Expresión Gráfica, adaptándola a herramientas actuales del ámbito de la Ingeniería Civil y ofreciendo a los estudiantes competencias digitales esenciales.

Robles Macías, Luis A. Juan Vespucci (1487–ca. 1527): A Cosmographer, Seaman and Merchant at the Heart of Spanish Charting of the New World. Universidad Libre de Bruselas (Bélgica), enero 2024. Director: Wouter Bracke. https://difusion.ulb.ac.be/vufind/Record/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/366721/Details

The Coatzacoalcos River is one of the most important rivers in Mexico. The oldest map of this river was drawn by Francisco Gali in 1580. Unlike most maps made in New Spain in the last quarter of the sixteenth century, this map is purely European in style and is somewhat reminiscent of a nautical chart. Analysis of the map suggests that it was made hastily. Both the errors in the distances and the numerous corrections that can still be observed support this conjecture. It seems that Francisco Gali was more interested from his point of view as an explorer and navigator in the most important aspect of the region: the possibility of connecting the North Sea and the South Sea through the Strait of Tehuantepec. In this respect, the map of Coatzacoalcos would have been drawn to show the viability of using the river as an interoceanic passage.

From the early days of the colonization of the Americas, the Spanish crown needed to ascertain and represent the new overseas territories for control and demarcation purposes. In the last third of the sixteenth century, the instrument that was designed to carry out the project of representation of the New World was that of surveys. This great project is known as Relaciones Geográficas de Indias (Geographical Relations of the Indies). Local authorities had to answer questions about geography, topography, toponymy, resources, etc. In addition, a map of the region was requested. In this corpus, a set of maps is found characterized by a distinctive style, in that they strive to imitate the style of the printed maps that were being made in Europe at the time. These maps followed an inverse trend to that observed in the first printed maps, which strove to imitate the style of hand-drawn maps. Following a search in the General Archive of the Indies in Seville (Spain) and in the Benson Latin American Collection at the University of Texas at Austin, in which a total of seven maps were located, a descriptive study of these maps was carried out.

(2018). Corrigendum. The Cartographic Journal: Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 107-107.

In the last third of the sixteenth century, the Spanish Crown launched a project to create a map of the New World. Regional maps would be obtained, which, referenced through a system of meridians and parallel arcs, would comprise a complete map of the continent. The mechanism devised for this purpose was that of surveys, known as the Relaciones Geográficas (Geographic Relations). Each town would be sent a questionnaire with more than 50 questions that should also be completed with a map of the region. The majority of these maps, known as pinturas, lacked field measurements, and therefore also lacked both scale and geographical coordinates. Only a few cases were created following the standards of European cartography. Among these are the maps made by Francisco Gali. In this paper, we study the map of Tlacotalpa, one of the first examples of local nautical charting in Latin America.