Dimila Mothé

The arrival of humans to the Americas at the end of the Pleistocene has been one of the foundations of the hypothesis that hunter-gatherer groups had a direct role in the extinction of megafauna. However, empirical evidence of the exploitation of megafauna by humans and associated chronological context are still scarce, especially in South America. Using evidence of modifications on osteological remains, we provide a reassessment of the megafauna that was exploited at the classic Taima-Taima site (Venezuela), with an updated chronology and paleoenvironmental inferences. Our results show that, at least, five species of extinct megaherbivores were probably exploited at the site, expanding the previous records, restricted to the proboscidean Notiomastodon platensis and the giant armadillo Glyptotherium cf. G . cylindricum . The new data of the other exploited taxa include the terrestrial sloth Glossotherium , the macrauchenid cf. Xenorhinotherium bahiense and a toxodontid; both killing and slaughtering activities were likely practised at the site. Seven new enamel radiocarbon dates show an age of 15.3–17.8 cal kyr BP for the fossiliferous strata, although this is likely to be a minimum age given the material’s propensity for modern carbon uptake. The study of phytoliths and starch grains from the dental calculus of N. platensis identified five plant taxa from the phytoliths: arboreal dicotyledons, Poaceae, Marantaceae, Asteraceae and Arecaceae. Ecometrics studies of dental diversity reveal how no other single site on the continent preserves such a diversity of grazing and browsing megaherbivores exploited by humans.

In 2020, a group of Brazilian female paleontologists from various universities and public institutions conducted the study “Brazilian Paleontology Gender Profile,” whose main objective was to assess the current demographic diversity of Brazilian paleontologists and how the role of women has evolved throughout the history of the Brazilian Society of Paleontology. Initially, the project aimed to determine the number of professionals working in Paleontology and their demographic distribution in the country. However, our research expanded, encompassing race, Indigenous representation, LGBTQIAP+ data, parenthood, harassment, and gender violence. The present work presents the first installment of three sets of unpublished data, shedding light on gender issues and how to combat gender discrimination through the proposal of affirmative action policies that could be taken within the Brazilian Society of Paleontology and other scientific associations in South America. Keywords: gender profile, women in science, gender biases.

Este trabajo se enfoca en la descripción de muestras fósiles pertenecientes a proboscídeos del Cuaternario de América del Sur, depositados en el Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad del Cauca (Popayán, Colombia). Se sintetiza la información recabada a partir de las piezas de dicho grupo, utilizando la anatomía comparada con ejemplares de otros institutos y referencial bibliográficas adicionales. Se realiza una comparación de las medidas tomadas (en milímetros) de las muestras analizadas para obtener aproximaciones de su identificación taxonómica, edad y biomasa, esta última aplicada específicamente a los elementos postcraneales. Las muestras se componen de dientes M2, M3, bunodontes, trilofodontes y pentalofodontes (carentes de defensas) encontradas en cercanías al desierto de la Tatacoa (Huila) y un molar M1 bunodonte fragmentado, encontrado en Mercaderes (Cauca), además de elementos postcraneales (una patela y una vértebra) encontrados en una tumba indígena en el Valle de Atríz (Nariño). A partir de las características morfológicas identificadas en este trabajo, los registros de las tres localidades se clasifican como Notiomastodon cf. platensis. El reporte de esta información contribuye significativamente a reforzar los estudios paleobiológicos sobre la presencia de Notiomastodon como componente destacado de la megafauna del Cuaternario en el sur occidente de Colombia.

In this study, we present new records of the extinct South American proboscidean Notiomastodon platensis from three new fossiliferous sites in the riverbed of Cauca River, in the department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia. The fossil specimens were found in late Pleistocene deposits and include immature to senile Notiomastodon platensis individuals, comprising abundant dental and post-cranial materials. A review of the geographic distribution of the Notiomastodon platensis records in Colombia suggests that this giant mammal used the inter-Andean valleys as migratory corridors, possibly due to the presence of more suitable environmental conditions (lower temperatures and dry-forest) and energy-saving terrains, avoiding more prominent Andean hills. In addition, the Cauca Valley deposits stand out as having palaeontological significance to the comprehension of the late Pleistocene of the western region of South America.

The Proboscidea were very prominent in South American ecosystems during the Pleistocene and part of the Holocene. Specifically, in Valle del Cauca (Colombia), fossils of these large mammals have been found, reflecting an abundant presence in the region. In this work, a mandibular fragment with a complete last molar (m3) is reported, found near the bed of the Cauca River, in the Juanchito municipality of Santiago de Cali. According to the morphological features of the specimen, it is proposed that the remains belong to the proboscidean Notiomastodon platensis. This study emphasizes the large geographical distribution of this proboscidean in South America, including the Valle del Cauca, and provides new information on its presence in Colombia. In a paleoecological context, this work supports a generalist condition based on the use of food resources associated with the tropical dry forest during the processes of glacial and interglacial fluctuation that this type of ecosystem experienced during the Pleistocene epoch and that led to various changes in habitat aridity, fragmentation, and heterogeneity. Keywords: Notiomastodon, Quaternary, paleoecology, megafauna, South America.

Fósseis de megafauna pleistocênica na Região Nordeste do Brasil são abundantes e têm registros a partir do século XVIII, sendo os proboscídeos muito comuns entre esses megamamíferos, constituindo um dos grupos que pode ajudar em interpretações paleoambientais. Assim, realizamos um extenso levantamento bibliográfico e revisão taxonômica, com visitas a coleções científicas brasileiras que contêm fósseis desses animais, a fim de produzir informações sobre o registro de ocorrências no Nordeste. Os dados apontam essa região como a detentora de mais da metade dos registros de Proboscídeos fósseis do Brasil. Apesar disso, a revisão taxonômica mostrou que apenas 33 espécimes podem ser classificados como Notiomastodon platensis, o que representa somente 18% do total. Os depósitos fossilíferos que contêm o maior número de espécimes identificáveis são os depósitos de tanque, provavelmente não porque preservem melhor os fósseis, mas porque estão em maior número entre os tipos de depósitos que preservam megafauna no Nordeste. Destas ocorrências, duas são inéditas: Aroeira (Paraíba) e Irecê (Bahia). A ausência de materiais diagnósticos corrobora a necessidade de metodologias alternativas para complementar os dados existentes. Já os dados de georreferência aqui apresentados constituem uma ferramenta para análise de distribuição potencial do grupo de proboscídeos pleistocênicos no contexto sul-americano.