Samuel B. Adeloju

Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have emerged as a versatile platform in cancer nanomedicine, owing to their unique physicochemical properties, including high surface‐to‐volume ratios, superparamagnetism, and intrinsic biocompatibility. These features enable multifunctional applications spanning targeted drug delivery, contrast‐enhanced imaging, and magnetic hyperthermia, thereby integrating diagnostic and therapeutic capabilities within a single platform. Advances in surface engineering and bio‐functionalization have substantially improved tumor targeting, circulation stability, and payload delivery, while mitigating off‐target toxicity. Stimulus‐responsive and biomimetic MNP systems enable spatiotemporally controlled drug release and enhanced modulation of tumor‐immune interactions. Recent progress on hybrid and multimodal MNP architectures combining therapeutic modalities, including chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and thermal ablation, with real‐time imaging, is advancing theranostic precision. Mechanistically, these systems exploit externally applied magnetic fields to direct nanoparticle localisation, regulate therapeutic activation, and modulate tumor microenvironment. Key challenges still to be addressed include the need for improved understanding of nano‐bio interactions, long‐term biocompatibility, scalable and reproducible synthesis, and regulatory translation. This review synthesises the mechanistic foundations and emerging therapeutic strategies of MNP‐based cancer treatment, evaluates current limitations, and outlines future directions, including the integration of intelligent design frameworks, personalised nanomedicine, and clinically translatable manufacturing approaches. Future advances in magnetic nanomedicine hold much promise for next‐generation cancer therapy.

The rapid advancement in nanotechnology over the past three decades has accelerated the development of novel and more potent cancer treatments. In particular, this has led to the development of an increasing number of novel carrier systems for drug delivery, among which Pickering emulsions are a strong contender. This article reviews the development, characterization, and therapeutic efficacy of Pickering emulsion nanocarriers designed specifically for cancer treatment. This approach offers significant benefits for overcoming many of the challenges experienced in conventional drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. The mechanisms of drug release, targeting strategies, and the stability of Pickering emulsions under physiological conditions are examined, along with an evaluation of their therapeutic potential and biocompatibility of these nanocarriers in various cancer models with in vitro and in vivo studies. The ability of Pickering emulsions to improve therapeutic efficacy through encapsulation and protection of hydrophobic drugs is also highlighted, resulting in targeted drug release at the tumor site and minimal side effects. Future development of the nanocarrier systems must address the challenges of achieving large‐scale production, regulatory approval, and translational application. If successfully addressed, it will pave the way for making personalized delivery of therapeutics for cancer treatment a reality.

Background and Purpose: Cancer is a serious public health concern, hence the determination of dacarbazine as a significant chemotherapeutic agent is very important. Experimental Approach: In the present work, we describe using a facile method to synthesize a nanocomposite of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and two-dimensional zeolitic imidazolate framework nanosheets (2D ZIF-L NSs). The resulting MWCNTs/2D ZIF-L NSs nanocomposite was characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The MWCNTs/2D ZIF-L NSs nanocomposite was subsequently used to modify a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to achieve an electrochemical sensing platform for the detection of dacarbazine. Conclusion: This detection method can be used as a valuable tool in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations to bring benefits in the cancer treatment.

The fabrication of a highly selective and ultrasensitive sulfite nanobiosensor based on a layered architectural fabrication aided by the encapsulation of sulfite oxidase (SOx) in Nafion (Naf) matrix on a multiwalled carbon nanotubes‐polypyrrole (MWCNTs‐PPy) composite decorated with platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) is described. The MWCNTs are deposited in the inner layer on a Pt electrode during electropolymerization of pyrrole (Py), followed by decoration with a PtNPs layer and subsequent encapsulation of SOx with Naf in the third layer capped with a fourth thin PtNPs layer. Images obtained by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) reveal that high‐density PtNPs are deposited onto the 3D nanostructured inner MWCNTs‐PPy layer and the electrochemical behavior is investigated. A large surface area provided by the incorporation of MWCNTs in the composite and decoration with PtNPs enables increased SOx loading, SOx retention, and substantial improvement in sensing performance. The resulting layered PtNPs/SOx‐Naf/PtNPs/MWCNTs‐PPy nanobiosensor exhibits a fast response time (within 3 s), a linear calibration range of 20 nmm – 6 m with an excellent sensitivity of 71 µA mm⁻¹ cm⁻² and a detection limit of 5.4 nm. The nanobiosensor was effective in discriminating against common interferants and was successfully applied to sulfite determination in real samples.

Sulfite determination in foods and alcoholic beverages is a common requirement by food and drug administration organisations in most countries. In this study, the enzyme, sulfite oxidase (SOx), is used to biofunctionalise a platinum-nanoparticle-modified polypyrrole nanowire array (PPyNWA) for the ultrasensitive amperometric detection of sulfite. A dual-step anodisation method was used to prepare the anodic aluminum oxide membrane used as a template for the initial fabrication of the PPyNWA. PtNPs were subsequently deposited on the PPyNWA by potential cycling in a platinum solution. The resulting PPyNWA-PtNP electrode was then biofuntionalised by adsorption of SOx onto the surface. The confirmation of the adsorption of SOx and the presence of PtNPs in the PPyNWA-PtNPs-SOx biosensor was verified by scanning electron microscopy and electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometric measurements were used to investigate the properties of the nanobiosensor and to optimise its use for sulfite detection. Ultrasensitive detection of sulfite with the PPyNWA-PtNPs-SOx nanobiosensor was accomplished by use of 0.3 M pyrrole, 10 U mL⁻¹ of SOx, adsorption time of 8 h, a polymerisation period of 900 s, and an applied current density of 0.7 mA cm⁻². The response time of the nanobiosensor was 2 s, and its excellent analytical performance was substantiated with a sensitivity of 57.33 μA cm⁻² mM⁻¹, a limit of detection of 12.35 nM, and a linear response range from 0.12 to 1200 μM. Application of the nanobiosensor to sulfite determination in beer and wine samples was achieved with a recovery efficiency of 97–103%.

The use of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has attracted considerable interest for fabrication of chemical sensors and biosensors in recent years. In this study, we report on two ultrasensitive DNA biosensors based on a sensing mechanism driven by the electrostatic attraction of [Ru(NH₃)₆]³⁺ cations on electrode surfaces modified with Au‐MWCNTs and Au‐rGO. A one‐step pot synthesis was used to prepare these nanocomposites for the development of the DNA‐based biosensors. The detection of DNA with the biosensors was based on the electrostatic attraction of [Ru(NH₃)₆]³⁺ cations by the anionic phosphate backbone of DNA. The interfacial changes on the electrode surface upon hybridisation were detected by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The high conductivity and high surface to volume ratio properties of the carbon materials enabled significant enhancement of the response for the target DNA detection. The DPV response gave linear concentration ranges (LCRs) of 0.1–10,000 pM and 1–100 pM with the Au‐MWCNT and Au‐rGO‐based biosensors, respectively. Thus, indicating that the MWCNT‐based biosensor was more sensitive for DNA detection and achieved a wider LCR. Nevertheless, both MWCNT and rGO‐based biosensors exhibited very good discrimination against mismatch sequences.