Gennaro Picardi

Electrochemical exfoliation is one of the most promising methods for scalable production of graphene. However, limited understanding of its Raman spectrum as well as lack of measurement standards for graphene strongly limit its industrial applications. In this work we show a systematic study of the Raman spectrum of electrochemically exfoliated graphene, produced using different electrolytes and different types of solvents in varying amounts. We demonstrate that no information on the thickness can be extracted from the shape of the 2D peak as this type of graphene is defective. Furthermore, the number of defects and the uniformity of the samples strongly depend on the experimental conditions, including post-processing. Under specific conditions, formation of short conductive trans-polyacetylene chains has been observed. Our Raman analysis provides guidance for the community on how to get information on defects coming from electrolyte, temperature and other experimental conditions, by making Raman spectroscopy a powerful metrology tool.

The Raman spectral features from spinal cord tissue sections of transgenic, ALS model mice and non-transgenic mice were compared using 457 nm excitation line, profiting from the favourable signal intensity obtained in the molecular fingerprint region at this wavelength. Transverse sections from four SOD1G93A mice at 75 days and from two at 90 days after birth were analysed and compared with sections of similarly aged control mice. The spectra acquired within the grey matter of tissue sections from the diseased mice is markedly different from the grey matter signature of healthy mice. In particular, we observe an intensity increase in the spectral windows 450–650 cm⁻¹ and 1050–1200 cm⁻¹, accompanied by an intensity decrease in the lipid contributions at ~1660 cm⁻¹, ~1440 cm⁻¹ and ~1300 cm⁻¹. Axons demyelination, loss of lipid structural order and the proliferation and aggregation of branched proteoglycans are related to the observed spectral modifications. Furthermore, the grey and white matter components of the spinal cord sections could also be spectrally distinguished, based on the relative intensity of characteristic lipid and protein bands. Raman spectra acquired from the white matter regions of the SOD1G93A mice closely resembles those from control mice.

We demonstrate the combination of germanium microdisks tensily strained by silicon nitride layers and circular Bragg reflectors. The microdisks with suspended lateral Bragg reflectors form a cavity with quality factors up to 2000 around 2 μm. This represents a key feature to achieve a microlaser with a quasi-direct band gap germanium under a 1.6% biaxial tensile strain. We show that lowering the temperature significantly improves the quality factor of the quasi-radial modes. Linewidth narrowing is observed in a range of weak continuous wave excitation powers. We finally discuss the requirements to achieve lasing with these kind of structures.