Iryna Lomachynska

The article examines the evolution of shipping companies’ business models driven by digital transformation and structural shifts in global shipbuilding amid tightening decarbonisation requirements, rising geo-economic risks, and the reconfiguration of global value chains. The theoretical and methodological foundation is based on synthesising UNCTAD approaches (Review of Maritime Transport), evidence from systematic reviews and bibliometric studies on the digitalisation of maritime logistics, and recent research on the screening and control of foreign investment in Europe’s maritime infrastructure, which highlights the role of transnational corporations and investment activity in redistributing control over critical assets. The study argues that digital technologies (platform solutions, data analytics, IoT, digital twins, and autonomous systems) reshape value creation by increasing supply-chain transparency, automating operations, and fostering digital ecosystems, while simultaneously exposing barriers related to data integration, cybersecurity risks, and skills gaps. Empirically, the paper analyses the fleet composition of the top 15 liner operators by country of build (Chinese vs non-Chinese shipyards) as a proxy for regulatory and political exposure, and outlines differences in national shipbuilding profiles that determine access to “smart” and “green” vessels. The findings demonstrate that large alliance carriers exhibit greater adaptability due to fleet diversification and investment capacity, whereas niche operators remain more vulnerable to structural shocks. The article concludes that integrating digitalisation, decarbonisation, and TNC investment strategies is a key prerequisite for strengthening the resilience of shipping companies’ business models and enhancing their contribution to national economic development.

The economic and legal framework is transforming with the change in the globalization paradigm, accompanied by structural and quantitative changes in intellectual property assessment. This study aims to justify commercialization and analyze the innovation management of intellectual property as a fundamental socio-economic institution and improve theoretical perspectives on its current development processes. This study surveyed 100 companies to identify the factors determining intellectual property use and its commercialization. The analysis of the structure of intellectual property revealed a 14% decrease in trademark applications and a 2% increase in patent applications. This research highlights the specifics of intellectual property generation through machine learning: mass creation of new objects, reduction in innovation product development cycles, increased accuracy of market demand forecasting, and adaptive problem solving. An analysis of budget expenditures on intellectual property in the EU based on the specific value of patent activity identified five classification groups (ranging from 0.17 to 0.23% to 1.23–2.26% of GDP), each exhibiting different economic activities and innovation intensity.

The article examines the structural transformation of global seaborne trade under the influence of geopolitical, energy, logistical, and technological factors in the context of the digitalization of the world economy. Based on UNCTAD analytical data, the dynamics of maritime transport during 2001–2024 are analyzed, showing a gradual slowdown after a long period of stable expansion. The study reveals that seaborne trade faces a complex combination of challenges: the shift of industrial activity toward Asia, disruptions in global supply chains, the rise of trade barriers, and growing geopolitical fragmentation. Particular attention is paid to the adaptation of shipping companies to crisis conditions, including the extension of fleet routes due to security risks in the Red Sea, restrictions in the Panama Canal, and the reconfiguration of trade flows resulting from sanctions and the war in Ukraine. The analysis demonstrates the contrasting dynamics of different sectors: growth in container transportation, liquefied gas, and metallurgical products is accompanied by a decline in crude oil tonnage. The container sector is highlighted as the key driver of maritime transport and a major indicator of global economic stability. The interrelation between increasing freight rates, energy market fluctuations, and inflationary pressures on the global economy is emphasized. It is proven that digitalization of maritime transport through the development of digital logistics platforms, remote supply chain management systems, and port automation has become a decisive factor in enhancing the efficiency and resilience of global shipping. The study concludes that the future development of maritime trade depends on the synergy between digital innovations, the energy transition, and the ability of shipping companies and shipbuilding enterprises to ensure flexibility, sustainability, and security of logistics networks in the evolving geo-economic environment.

The article analyzes the complex relationship between air and maritime logistics and the development of international tourism. The author analyzes statistical data, including the volume of global air and sea traffic, the number of passengers, and annual growth rates with forecasts up to 2028. The author reveals the trends of steady growth in air and cruise traffic observed before the COVID-19 pandemic, which coincided with the expansion of global tourism. In 2020, the pandemic led to a sharp decline in both passenger demand and transportation operations, which revealed the vulnerability of both sectors. At the same time, the study demonstrates their ability to recover quickly in 2021–2023, thanks to the easing of travel restrictions, the resumption of tourist activity, and the expansion of cruise and ferry operations. The importance of well-developed logistics and transportation networks to ensure the accessibility of tourist destinations is identified. Key airports, as well as strategically located seaports, act as important hubs that facilitate the organization of global passenger flows. At the same time, managing the infrastructure and capacity of these centers is crucial to ensure the growth of transportation and maintain efficient logistics systems in the tourism sector. Further growth in air and sea transportation is predicted. The author emphasizes the need for systematic investment in the development of airport and port infrastructure, the digitalization of processes, and the implementation of sustainable practices to meet the growing needs of passengers and ensure the long-term viability of both sectors. It is summarized that the interdependence of aviation and maritime logistics with international tourism is key to the further development and growth of the global tourism industry. It is proven that efficient logistics systems contribute to increasing the accessibility of tourist destinations, while innovation and infrastructure development ensure the stable long-term development of the industry.

The relationship between financial systems and entrepreneurial development is explored in this paper, specifically how the conditions and characteristics of a country’s financial system affect entrepreneurial opportunities within a space of sustainability and inclusivity. The study is conducted using a mixed methods approach consisting of both a systematic literature review and econometric modeling, coupled with qualitative analysis of a subsample of countries to analyze these dynamics. At a fundamental level, it seeks to analyze the dynamics of financial systems, including the regulatory frameworks, market structures, and access to finance, and their role in forming an entrepreneurial landscape and contributing to the development of sustainable and inclusive ecosystems. The results show strong patterns and challenges in how financial systems support entrepreneurship. Areas of investigation include the role of financial institutions and markets in organizing access to finance (including the impact of regulatory barriers on entrepreneurial activities) and the integration of sustainability principles in policy and practice. This study stresses the need to align financial system policies with the goals of sustainable entrepreneurship so as to facilitate inclusive economic growth. Additionally, the research points out directions for how to make finance more accessible, foster more innovation, and remove the inefficiencies of regulation. For policymakers, investors, and researchers, the insights are designed to improve the entrepreneurial ecosystems through targeted investments as well as simplifying the financial processes. Through proactive actions, stakeholders have the ability to utilize entrepreneurialism as a tool for economic growth, societal progress, and ecological sustainability. The findings of this research contribute to the current ongoing discourse in sustainable entrepreneurship by furthering the stream of debate proposing how financial systems facilitate or inhibit entrepreneurial outcomes.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of global seaborne trade amid worldwide economic shifts and rising geopolitical tensions. Particular attention is devoted to changes in the regional distribution of maritime transport cargo flows by major commodity groups: crude oil, other liquid bulk (including refined petroleum products and LNG), and dry bulk trade (containers, ores, coal, grain, etc.). Based on official data from 2020 to 2023, the study identifies global trends and national patterns in countries' participation in seaborne trade. The findings indicate that the main exporters of crude oil include Saudi Arabia, Russian Federation, the United States of America, Iraq, and the United Arab Emirates. In the segment of refined petroleum and liquefied natural gas shipping, the United States, Russia, and Qatar hold leading positions. The formal decline in Russia’s recorded oil and liquid bulk shipping volumes in recent years is explained by both Western sanctions and the widespread use of a so-called “shadow fleet” – vessels that are not formally registered to Russia but are engaged in transporting its export commodities. In the dry bulk trade, the share of Australia, Brazil, China, and Indonesia has grown significantly, driven by increased demand for raw materials from East and Southeast Asia. The leading regions for each cargo type have been identified, with Asia and the Americas remaining dominant players in global shipping networks. Special emphasis is placed on the strategic role of shipbuilding in shaping maritime infrastructure. Between 2015 and 2024, over 90% of new vessels were constructed in Asia, primarily in China, South Korea, and Japan underscoring the region's industrial and technological dominance. The article argues that such concentration grants Asian countries significant leverage over fleet standards, environmental regulations, and access to innovative ship types. To reduce dependence on Chinese shipbuilding, the article recommends that shipping companies in the US and EU deepen cooperation with shipbuilders from South Korea and Japan.

In the course of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, it was proven that the use of qualitative methods for a relevant assessment of the macroeconomic risks impact on the performance indicators of enterprises is insufficient. Therefore, by implementing a mathematically formalized method, the impact of macroeconomic risks on the economic and financial indicators of economic entities has been quantitatively proven. Using the correlation analysis method, the significance of the relationship between risks for the country's economy as a whole and enterprise performance indicators was established. The differentiation of the impact of macroeconomic risks on large, medium, small and micro enterprises has been proven. The relevance of the results is confirmed by using two indicators that are commonly used to assess macroeconomic risks: the integral indicator of the economic security level and the financial stress index. The analysis of the level of density of the correlation between the profit and loss of enterprises before tax and the integral indicator of the level of economic security made it possible to establish that the correlation coefficient for the profit of enterprises before tax is significantly lower than the correlation coefficient for the loss of enterprises before tax. This substantiated the advantages of a survival strategy over a profit maximization strategy for the average enterprise in wartime.

Aim of the study. To substantiate theoretical and applied issues related to the challenges and limitations of the digital transformation of agricultural enterprises, which determine the risks of economic activity, and to develop proposals aimed at improving the management of agricultural enterprises to ensure innovative development and competitiveness. Research methods. The methodological basis of the study is a set of methods of scientific knowledge, in particular logical modelling, analytical, systemic and structural, and others. Results of work. The main benefits of the adoption of digital technologies by agricultural enterprises are identified, including increased productivity, minimised costs, improved organisational processes and improved quality of management decisions. The main challenges of digital transformation are identified, such as high initial investments, insufficient digital literacy of managers and employees, problems with access to digital infrastructure and cybersecurity. Special attention is paid to the risks of digital transformation of agricultural enterprises in modern conditions. The following risk management measures are proposed: gradual introduction of digital technologies, training of managers and employees in digital skills, development of digital infrastructure, creation of an integrated innovative ecosystem of the digital economy, and state support for innovative digital initiatives. It is argued that the use of digital technologies will promote innovative development and increase the competitiveness of agricultural enterprises, provided that a balance is maintained between digital technologies, adaptation measures and risk management.

The article is devoted to the role of innovation in ensuring economic growth, competitiveness and sustainable development in the context of modern transformations. Economic growth, competitiveness, development of human capital, increase in resource efficiency, and expansion of foreign economic activity are identified as the main directions of influence of innovative development of the economic system. It is argued that in modern conditions, innovation processes are transformed under the influence of transnationalisation, globalisation, digital transformation, and socialisation. The characteristics of modern innovative development are generalized, namely technological advances, digitalisation and digital transformation, growth in R&D investment, support to entrepreneurship, environmental innovation, social innovation, global integration, development of education, and inclusion of innovations. Innovation potential is defined as a set of resources, processes, and conditions necessary and sufficient for carrying out innovation activities in order to achieve the goals of innovation and technological development. Creating innovation potential depends on providing the innovation process with resources (financial, material, human, intellectual, scientific, technical, informational, etc.). The result of the process of creation and use of the innovation potential is a real innovative product, innovative products in the future. It is substantiated that the conditions for ensuring the efficiency and effectiveness of innovative solutions are effective formation and use of innovative potential, creation of an effective innovation ecosystem, development of innovative entrepreneurship, ensuring the inclusion of innovations and integration of them, and effective innovation policy of the government. This will allow innovations to spread not only to technologies and products, but also to organizational and social processes, management decisions, business processes and business models, etc.