Ngurah Indra Er

Collecte de données basée sur les voitures pour les appareils à faible consommation d'énergie: Dans les villes intelligentes, la mobilité des véhicules peut être exploitée pour collecter des données produites par les objets connectés dans l'environnement. Avec la convergence entre la technologie de communication Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) et la vision du système de transport intelligent (ITS), il y aura plusieurs infrastructures ITS qui seront disponibles pour aider à la routage des données au serveur central. Avec un tel environnement spécial, un protocole de routage doit être développé pour utiliser efficacement tous les composants. Dans cette thèse, notre principale question de recherche se concentre sur la possibilité de concevoir un protocole de routage simple et efficace pour les réseaux de véhicules tolérants aux délais (VDTN) pour les applications tolérantes aux délais et d'atteindre des performances élevées tout en gardant à l'esprit la facilité d'adoption et de normalisation. Ici, nous présentons et évaluons un protocole de routage VDTN hiérarchique simple et efficace nommé DC4LED et comparons ses performances aux protocoles de routage de référence. L'évaluation montre des performances comparables du DC4LED au protocole de routage Epidemic, en tant que référence supérieure, en termes de probabilité de livraison de données et de latence moyenne. Le DC4LED présente un avantage essentiel de maintenir une faible surcharge du réseau par rapport à un nombre croissant de véhicules du réseau, mettant en évidence son efficacité et son évolutivité de mise en œuvre. Nous étendons également le protocole de routage DC4LED, qui adopte la stratégie de réplication des messages, avec une limite du nombre de copies pour un réseau de collecte de données plus dense afin de réduire davantage la latence de routage à mesure que le réseau de véhicules se développe. Nos résultats globaux montrent les performances élevées de notre stratégie proposée pour la collecte de données à tolérance de délais dans les villes intelligentes. Il indique également que la complexité des protocoles de routage VDTN existants n'est pas nécessaire pour les services envisagés.

Enhancing the safety of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) at urban intersections is a critical challenge for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). This paper presents a baseline performance evaluation of a fundamental kinematic model for Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) trajectory prediction. Using a co-simulation framework of SUMO, OMNeT++, and Artery, we evaluate a linear regression model's performance across two Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) scenarios with varying pedestrian dynamics (walking vs. running) and two prediction horizons (1s and 2 s). Our results reveal a significant “predictability gap” whose nature depends on the prediction horizon. For short-term (1s) predictions, the model is surprisingly more accurate for walking pedestrians than for vehicles. However, the model's accuracy for vehicles degrades exponentially at the longer (2s) prediction horizon, in contrast to the pedestrian prediction error, which degrades more gradually. We also find that a higher data frequency from a more dynamic road user is insufficient to improve prediction accuracy. This study validates the distinct failure modes of simple kinematic models for different road users and horizons, establishing a solid performance baseline that motivates the development of more sophisticated, context-aware algorithms.

A smart city is a concept that integrates information and communication technology to improve the efficiency of public services, the quality of life of citizens and environmental sustainability. Bali, as one of the largest tourism centers in Indonesia, has started implementing the smart city concept to support economic development and overcome the challenges of urbanization. This research aims to evaluate the implementation of smart cities in Bali through a literature review approach, focusing on six main components of smart cities. Analysis was carried out on various national and international studies and reports related to smart city implementation in Bali, especially in the Denpasar and Badung areas to identify the stages of development and implementation of each component. The main focus is to examine how technology has been applied in the public service, transportation, security and tourism sectors, as well as the challenges faced in implementing this technology. The evaluation results show that the implementation of the smart city concept in Bali still faces several challenges, including limited technological infrastructure and low community digital literacy. This research provides recommendations for increasing the effectiveness and maturity of smart city implementation in the future. It is hoped that the results of this research can become a reference for the government and stakeholders in planning a more integrated and sustainable smart city development strategy in Bali.

The rapid growth of population and urbanization poses significant challenges to global food security, particularly in urban areas. The conversion of agricultural land into residential and infrastructure zones reduces local food production capacity, while climate change exacerbates uncertainties in crop yields. To address these challenges, IoT-based vertical farming has emerged as an innovative solution to enhance efficiency and sustainability in food production systems. IoT technology enables vertical farming systems to monitor and control environmental variables such as temperature, humidity, lighting, and nutrient levels in real-time through sensors connected to artificial intelligence. The collected data is analyzed to optimize plant growth, minimize resource waste, and maximize crop yields while reducing energy consumption. Additionally, integrating IoT with automated irrigation systems and energy-efficient LED lighting further enhances water and electricity efficiency. From a sustainability perspective, IoT-based vertical farming allows for year-round food production without relying on vast land areas or favorable weather conditions. This research further explores how IoT contributes to improving resource efficiency, environmental sustainability, and the economic and social impacts of vertical farming. . Based on the research findings, the implementation of IoT in vertical farming has proven to be highly beneficial in enhancing sustainability and resource efficiency in urban food production. Through real-time monitoring and automated control systems, IoT enables precise regulation of key environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, lighting, and nutrient levels, ensuring optimal plant growth with minimal resource wastage.

Perkembangan teknologi otomotif modern menekankan pentingnya konektivitas dan otonomi kendaraan, dengan tujuan meningkatkan keselamatan dan kenyamanan. Salah satu aspek krusial dari kendaraan modern adalah sistem komunikasi antar ECU (Electronic Control Units), yang sebagian besar menggunakan CAN Bus sebagai protokol utama. CAN Bus mengatur berbagai fungsi vital kendaraan, mulai dari sistem pengereman hingga fitur keselamatan, yang menjadikannya target potensial bagi ancaman keamanan. Oleh karena itu, industri otomotif mengembangkan dua pendekatan utama untuk mengatasi masalah keamanan ini. Pertama, pertahanan pasif melalui protokol keamanan yang mencakup enkripsi, otentikasi, dan verifikasi pesan dan kedua, deteksi anomali yang menggunakan teknologi canggih. Beberapa metode deteksi anomali yang telah diperkenalkan antara lain K-Means clustering, Support Vector Machines (SVM), dan Deep Learning, masing-masing menawarkan keunggulan dalam mendeteksi pola serangan tertentu. Namun, salah satu pendekatan yang semakin populer adalah analisis waktu, yang memanfaatkan pola waktu antar pesan dan clock skew pada CAN Bus untuk mengidentifikasi perilaku mencurigakan dan mendeteksi anomali secara real-time. Meskipun metode ini telah menunjukkan efektivitas dalam mendeteksi berbagai jenis serangan, tantangan utama adalah kemampuannya dalam mengidentifikasi serangan yang sangat tersembunyi dan tidak terlihat oleh metode tradisional. Penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman tentang berbagai pendekatan deteksi anomali pada jaringan CAN Bus kendaraan listrik, dengan fokus utama pada analisis waktu. Dengan mengkaji berbagai pendekatan, penelitian ini memberikan wawasan yang berharga dalam meningkatkan keamanan kendaraan listrik dan ekosistem transportasi cerdas secara keseluruhan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode berbasis analisis waktu dapat mendeteksi berbagai jenis serangan, seperti spoofing, replay attacks, dan denial-of-service (DoS), dengan efisiensi tinggi.

The increasing number of vehicles has led to several complex challenges, such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and safety driving issues. These challenges also result in economic losses. Fortunately, with the advance in technologies today, we can utilize Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) to establish a system that is more efficient, safer, and environmentally friendly. Specifically, the concept of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) has emerged as a potential solution to address various road-related challenges. However, the real-world implementation of V2X still faces numerous obstacles, particularly in terms of cost and safety concerns. Deploying V2X on a large scale requires significant investments due to the need for communication infrastructure and hardware development. Therefore, simulation can serve as an initial solution to tackle these challenges. Simulations make it possible to set up different communication network protocols and architectures and to model different traffic conditions without the risks that come with testing in the real world. In this review paper, we aim to give a clearer insight into the trends, challenges, and opportunities of V2X simulations in various traffic environments.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acceptance and performance of users of the Virtual Class application in the Bali Melajah Portal using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). This study found the main components of adoption, evaluated performance disparities, and suggested ways to improve LMS adoption in secondary schools. Methods: This study used a quantitative approach through an online survey conducted to collect data from teachers and students. Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) was used to evaluate the relationship between the variables in the research model. IPA was used to evaluate system performance and determine areas for improvement. Results: The study showed that perceived ease of use significantly influenced perceived usefulness, which in turn affected attitudes and behavioral intentions. Meanwhile, behavioral intentions positively affected actual system use. Performance mismatch was found, with the lowest percentage of conformity of 97.76% for actual system use. Quadrant analysis highlighted that, although the system was perceived as useful and easy to use, involvement, accessibility, and institutional support were necessary for effective system use. Novelty: This study offers a two-pronged assessment of LMS adoption in secondary schools by combining TAM and IPA. Unlike earlier studies that only evaluated user perceptions or system performance separately, this paper provides a complete approach to maximizing government-supported digital learning platforms. These findings give policymakers and application developers knowledge to improve the adoption of Virtual Classroom LMS.

The inefficiency of toll gate systems is one of the main causes of traffic congestion on toll roads. This condition requires an innovative solution to detect and process vehicle information before the vehicle reaches the toll gate. This study aims to develop a prototype that uses ESP32, LoRa, GPS, OLED, and Internet of Things (IoT) technology to provide a solution to this problem. The developed prototype uses ESP32 as the main microcontroller, LoRa for long-distance communication, GPS to track the vehicle's location, and OLED as the information display. This system is designed for vehicles to perform real-time registration. The test results show that this prototype can function well in registering vehicle data that will enter the toll gate remotely. With the implementation of this technology, it is expected to reduce the waiting time for toll road users caused by the long queue times of vehicles at conventional toll gate registration systems.

The rapid growth of the Internet of Things technology has led to various innovative creations, However, effective management of data traffic generated by numerous sensors is essential to maintain network performance. This study develops and evaluates an adaptive Bandwidth Management System using Elastic WLAN to deal with the development of IoT system traffic so that network performance is maintained. Using Raspberry Pi as an Elastic WLAN device and a Hierarchical Token Bucket (HTB) running via Python script, this system manages Bandwidth allocation based on the number of visitors in the Smart Building. Evaluation was carried out in two rooms, comparing conditions before and after Elastic WLAN implementation. The results show that the implementation of Elastic WLAN improves network performance. This is indicated by improvements in the stability of upload and download rates, as well as very significant improvements in the Jitter and Latency parameters which are used as QoS parameters.

A reliable and failure-resistant computer network is an important prerequisite in the modern interconnected environment. This research aims to examine and compare the effectiveness of fault tolerance between two commonly used routing protocols, namely static routing and OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), in the context of hybrid networks at Udayana University (UNUD). This research uses GNS3 to simulate the UNUD network environment. The research method is carried out by implementing static and OSPF routing separately in the GNS3 simulation. After the routing implementation is carried out, the network is tested against various error scenarios to observe how each routing method handles the situation.In this research, the analysis results provide a deeper understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of each routing method. Our findings illustrate that OSPF significantly improves fault tolerance and network availability compared to static routing in complex hybrid network environments.