Craig Arthur Gallet

SUMMARY: Because of the increased availability of price data over the past 15 years, several studies have estimated the demand for illicit drugs, providing 462 estimates of the price elasticity. Results from estimating several meta‐regressions reveal that these price elasticity estimates are influenced by a number of study characteristics. For instance, the price elasticity differs across drugs, with its absolute value being smallest for marijuana, compared with cocaine and heroin. Furthermore, price elasticity estimates are sensitive to whether demand is modeled in the short‐run or the long‐run, measures of quantity and price, whether or not alcohol and other illicit drugs are included in the specification of demand, and the location of demand. However, a number of other factors, including the functional form of demand, several specification issues, the type of data and method used to estimate demand, and the quality of the publication outlet, have less influence on the price elasticity. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Although several studies of highly developed countries find tobacco control efforts impact obesity rates, whether such results extend to less developed countries is unclear. Accordingly, this study re-examines this issue by using data from countries that lie across the development spectrum. Similar to the existing literature, evidence suggests higher cigarette prices increase the per cent of the population that is overweight or obese. Yet, other tobacco control efforts have less influence. A number of other factors, including health-care expenditure, urban concentration and undernourishment, are also found to influence population weight.

Although many studies have addressed policies directed towards the use of licit drugs, namely, alcohol and tobacco, less attention has been paid on policies affecting the use of illicit drugs. Accordingly, similar to studies of tobacco control spending, this article addresses the determinants of US state-level spending on substance abuse. Substance abuse spending is found to be higher in states with higher illicit drug use, as well as more rural states with higher per capita income, whose legislatures are controlled by Democrats.

The literature on tobacco control funding has focused on its impact on the demand for tobacco products. This paper turns the issue around by utilizing state-level panel data to address the determinants of per capita tobacco control funding. Tobacco control funding is found to be increasing with per capita income, cigarette consumption, and cigarette taxes, but decreasing with population density and neighbor-state tobacco control funding. Political affiliation, cancer and heart attack mortalities, as well as the extent of smoke-free air laws, have little impact on tobacco control funding. Results are robust to addressing the endogeneity of cigarette consumption and cigarette taxes.

Unlike previous studies, which address the impact of alcohol advertising restrictions on alcohol demand, this article turns the issue around by investigating the determinants of alcohol advertising restrictions. Estimating a series of Probit models, our results show that the probability of adopting advertising restrictions tends to be higher in countries with higher life expectancy, higher per capita income, having a majority of the population that is Muslim and having a higher share of the population that is young. Population density, alcohol consumption and economic freedom play largely insignificant roles in the determination of advertising restrictions.

The demand for meat has been estimated by many studies utilizing various data and estimation methods. In this study, we perform a meta‐analysis of the income elasticity of meat that involves regressing 3357 estimated income elasticities, collected from 393 studies, on variables that control for study characteristics. Across several meta‐regression specifications, we find significant differences in income elasticities tied to the type of meat being studied, as well as a few functional forms, data aggregations, publication characteristics, and locations of demand. However, many study characteristics do not significantly influence reported income elasticities. Less concern should be given to such characteristics when choosing an income elasticity from the literature.

The price elasticity of meat has been estimated in numerous studies that utilize a variety of disparate modeling procedures. In light of differences in the literature, a meta‐analysis is performed to assess the sensitivity of the meat price elasticity to a number of characteristics, including the type of meat, specification of demand, nature of data, estimation method, characteristics of the publication outlet, and location of demand. The results from estimating linear and Box‐Cox meta‐regressions, coupled with different panel data treatments, reveal that these characteristics have differing influence on the reported price elasticity.