Mutasem Sh. Alkhasawneh

Landslides can cause severe damage to infrastructure and human life, making early detection and warning systems critical for mitigating their impact. In this study, we propose a machine learning approach for landslide detection using remote sensing data and topographical features. We evaluate the performance of several machine learning algorithms, including Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, Logistic Regression, Naïve Bayes, AdaBoost, Neural Network, SGD, kNN, and SVM, on a dataset of remote sensing images and topographical features from the Sikkim region in Malaysia. The results show that the SVM algorithm outperforms the other algorithms with an accuracy of 96.7% and a F1 score of 0.97. The study demonstrates the potential of machine learning algorithms for landslide detection, which can help improve early warning systems and reduce the impact of landslides.

Software failure such as software defect causes billion of dollar loss every year. Software failure also affects billion of people worldwide. Inadequate software testing can cause software failure. To predict the software defect, this study proposed a model consisting of feature selection and classifications. The correlation base method was used for feature selection, and radial base function neural network (RBF) was used for classification. Also, for testing the proposed system, fourteen NASA data sets were used including CM1, JM1, KC1, KC2, KC3, KC4, MC1, MC2, MW1, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5. The data set was divided using the well-known K-cross-validation methods which were performed to divide the data set for training and testing the RBF. The RBF were trained and tested before and after feature selections. Precision, recall, F-measure, and accuracy are four methods used to evaluate the performance of the proposed methods. The precision obtained for the fourteen data sets was CM1, 94.01; JM1, 85.18; KC1, 83.24; KC2, 81.27; KC3, 79.30; KC4, 85.29; MC1, 99.89; MC2, 73.27; MW1, 90.90; PC1, 98.79; PC2, 100; PC3, 95.67; PC4, 95.12; and PC5, 80.89. Recall was as follows: CM1, 95.78; JM1, 87.89; KC1, 86.24; KC2, 83.82; KC3, 82.10; KC4, 86.28; MC1, 100; MC2, 76.67; MW1, 92.09; PC1, 99.98; PC2, 100; PC3, 96.23; PC4, 95.17; and PC5, 81.80. F-measure was as follows: CM1, 0.95; JM1, 0.87; KC1, 0.83; KC2, 0.82; KC3, 0.85; KC4, 0.86; MC1, 0.99; MC2, 0.76; MW1, 0.95; PC1, 0.99; PC2, 0.99; PC3, 0.97; PC4, 0.95; and PC5, 0.80. The accuracy obtained was as follows: CM1, 93.99; JM1, 84.87; KC1, 83.25; KC2, 79.11; KC3, 78.25; KC4, 83.18; MC1, 99.01; MC2, 70.18; MW1, 88.90; PC1, 98.99; PC2, 99.80; PC3, 94.11; PC4, 94.4; and PC5, 79.02. The proposed method results were compared with the result obtained from different methods. The proposed model obtained better results than other methods for data set CM1, KC4, MC1, PC1, PC2, PC3, PC4, and PC5.

Our study aims to introduce a new quantitative workflow that integrates neural networks (NNs) and multi criteria decision analysis (MCDA). Existing MCDA workflows reveal a number of drawbacks, because of the reliance on human knowledge in the weighting stage. Thus, new workflow presented to form suitability maps at the regional scale for solid waste planning based on NNs. A feed-forward neural network employed in the workflow. A total of 34 criteria were pre-processed to establish the input dataset for NN modelling. The final learned network used to acquire the weights of the criteria. Accuracies of 95.2% and 93.2% achieved for the training dataset and testing dataset, respectively. The workflow was found to be capable of reducing human interference to generate highly reliable maps. The proposed workflow reveals the applicability of NN in generating landfill suitability maps and the feasibility of integrating them with existing MCDA workflows.

Landslides are one of the dangerous natural phenomena that hinder the development in Penang Island, Malaysia. Therefore, finding the reliable method to predict the occurrence of landslides is still the research of interest. In this paper, two models of artificial neural network, namely, Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Cascade Forward Neural Network (CFNN), are introduced to predict the landslide hazard map of Penang Island. These two models were tested and compared using eleven machine learning algorithms, that is, Levenberg Marquardt, Broyden Fletcher Goldfarb, Resilient Back Propagation, Scaled Conjugate Gradient, Conjugate Gradient with Beale, Conjugate Gradient with Fletcher Reeves updates, Conjugate Gradient with Polakribiere updates, One Step Secant, Gradient Descent, Gradient Descent with Momentum and Adaptive Learning Rate, and Gradient Descent with Momentum algorithm. Often, the performance of the landslide prediction depends on the input factors beside the prediction method. In this research work, 14 input factors were used. The prediction accuracies of networks were verified using the Area under the Curve method for the Receiver Operating Characteristics. The results indicated that the best prediction accuracy of 82.89% was achieved using the CFNN network with the Levenberg Marquardt learning algorithm for the training data set and 81.62% for the testing data set.

Landslide is one of the natural disasters in Malaysia and precipitation is the triggering factors for landslide in Malaysia. Besides rainfall factors, topographical factors also play key role in the susceptibility analysis of landslide. Since there are many available landslide-causative factors involved, selection of dominant factors is a crucial steps in landslide susceptibility analysis. This paper reports the landslide hazard mapping using Frequency Ratio (FR) approach with selected dominant factors in the area of Penang Island of Malaysia. Landslide hazard map of Penang Island is first generated by taking into account of twenty-two (22) landslide-causative factors. Among these twenty-two (22) factors, fourteen (14) factors are topographic factors. They are elevation, slope gradient, slope aspect, plan curvature, profile curvature, general curvature, tangential curvature, longitudinal curvature, cross section curvature, total curvature, diagonal length, surface area, surface roughness and rugosity. The other eight (8) non-topographic factors considered are land cover, vegetation cover, distance from road, distance from stream, distance from fault line, geology, soil texture and rainfall precipitation. After considering all twenty-two factors for landslide hazard mapping, the analysis is repeated by removing one factor at one time to identify the dominant landslide-causative factors. Twelve dominant factors are selected from the twenty-two factors. Landslide hazard map was segregated into four categories of risks, i.e. Highly hazardous area, Hazardous area, Moderately hazardous area and Not hazardous area. The maps was assessed using ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) based on the area under the curve method (AUC). Landslide hazard map produced by including all 22 factors has an accuracy of 77.76%. By removing 10 irrelevant factors and employing only 12 dominant factors, the generated hazard map achieves better performance with accuracy of 79.14%.

This paper proposes a decision tree model for specifying the importance of 21 factors causing the landslides in a wide area of Penang Island, Malaysia. These factors are vegetation cover, distance from the fault line, slope angle, cross curvature, slope aspect, distance from road, geology, diagonal length, longitude curvature, rugosity, plan curvature, elevation, rain perception, soil texture, surface area, distance from drainage, roughness, land cover, general curvature, tangent curvature, and profile curvature. Decision tree models are used for prediction, classification, and factors importance and are usually represented by an easy to interpret tree like structure. Four models were created using Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID), Exhaustive CHAID, Classification and Regression Tree (CRT), and Quick-Unbiased-Efficient Statistical Tree (QUEST). Twenty-one factors were extracted using digital elevation models (DEMs) and then used as input variables for the models. A data set of 137570 samples was selected for each variable in the analysis, where 68786 samples represent landslides and 68786 samples represent no landslides. 10-fold cross-validation was employed for testing the models. The highest accuracy was achieved using Exhaustive CHAID (82.0%) compared to CHAID (81.9%), CRT (75.6%), and QUEST (74.0%) model. Across the four models, five factors were identified as most important factors which are slope angle, distance from drainage, surface area, slope aspect, and cross curvature.