Marcelo Oliveira Pereira

This work presents the development of a macro X-ray fluorescence (MA-XRF) scanner system for in situ analysis of paintings. The instrument was developed to operate using continuous acquisitions, where the module with the X-ray tube and detector moves at a constant speed, dynamically collecting spectra for each pixel of the artwork. Another possible configuration for the instrument is static acquisitions, where the module with the X-ray tube and detector remains stationary to acquire spectra for each pixel. The work also includes the analytical characterization of the system, which incorporates a 1.00 mm collimator that allows for a resolution of 1.76 mm. Additionally, the study presents the results of the analysis of two Brazilian paintings using this instrument. The elemental maps obtained enabled the characterization of the pigments used in the creation of the artworks and materials used in restoration processes.

O crescimento populacional desordenado das grandes cidades brasileiras vem acometendo a população em diversos problemas de saúde. Entre eles estão a poluição dos solos, mares e rios devido ao despejo inadequado de resíduos residenciais e industriais. Diante do tema “O saneamento básico nos municípios brasileiros e o impacto no meio ambiente: os principais problemas de saúde que afetam população”, foi elaborado um estudo de revisão bibliográfica com o principal objetivo de descrever os impactos ambientais e problemas de saúde, nos municípios brasileiros, gerados pela falta de saneamento básico e/ ou da precariedadedele. Para isso, foram contextualizados os seguintes subtítulos: a introdução, trazendo o conceito do saneamento básico e da saúde ambiental; a evolução histórica, resgatando fatos desde a Antiga Babilônia até os dias de hoje; as legislações brasileiras sobre o tema; com políticas e normativas no âmbito ambiental; a atual situação do saneamento básico nos municípios brasileiros, descrevendo as variações regionais; o saneamento básico e o impacto no meio ambiente, apresentando os fatores mais relevantes; os principais problemas de saúde relacionados à falta de saneamento, pontuando as doenças mais prevalentes na população e por último a conclusão, destacando os resultados encontrados que mostraram que apesar da existência de políticas de saneamento básico, orientações da ciência e dados estatísticos de órgãos como o IBGE, no Brasil ainda há muitos municípios sem esgoto sanitário, sem disposição de água tratada para todos e sem o adequado saneamento básico nas moradias.

In this work, four artworks dating from the 19th century by Brazilian painters Firmino Monteiro, Henrique Bernardelli, and Eliseu Visconti were analyzed by MA-XRF. Pb-L, Fe-K, and Hg-L were the main elemental maps obtained in all paintings. In the artworks of Henrique Bernardelli and Eliseu Visconti, maps of Cr-K and Co-K were also obtained. These results indicate that these Brazilian painters from the 19th century used few pigments to create their paintings, with the different hues coming mainly from ocher pigments. Using correlation image methods, no intentional mixtures of pigments made by the painters were found. These results indicate that the three painters used similar materials and techniques for preparing their pigments. These similarities are confirmed through statistical analysis by non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). In this method, it was possible to verify that the main bases of the contribution of the data registered in each artwork are the same. The analysis also revealed that one of Eliseu Visconti’s paintings had an underlying painting, and another artwork by Eliseu Visconti contained a golden pigment with Cu and Zn. These results have helped art historians and conservators understand the creation process of Brazilian artists in the 19th century.

Purpose: This article aims to investigate the perception of students at a higher education institution in Nova Iguaçu (RJ) about environmental sustainability taking into account the objectives of sustainable development, specifically the sustainable development objective (ODS) 4 - quality education. Methodology/Approach: The study is exploratory in a qualitative nature with a focus on answering questions at a level of reality that cannot be quantified, it is an observational study carried out through a cross-sectional cut for content analysis made through a questionnaire directed at 20 students. Findings: The research results corroborate to make sure that educational institutions are necessary for the awareness process, reinforcing the debate on sustainability. The need also emerges to combine multiple social, ecological, psychological, political, ethical-philosophical, cultural, economic and technological dimensions, perhaps using university extension as an axis of transversal, interdisciplinary practice, to promote sustainable thinking. Research Limitation/implication: The number of respondents was determined considering the criterion of saturation in qualitative nature research. Originality/Value of paper: Environmental education in education institutions is fundamental to establish solid bases in favor of sustainability and formation of critical thinking regarding environmental issues.