Ann Victoria Rowan

The storage and release of sediment from glacierised catchments is an important process in mountain landscape evolution, and yet sediment transport pathways and residence times within glaciers remain poorly constrained. We quantified headwall erosion rates and englacial sediment transport and storage times in the Mer de Glace catchment in the Mont Blanc massif, French Alps, during deglaciation through the Holocene (11.7 ka to present). Englacial sediment transport and storage times were constrained using luminescence rock surface burial ages of granitic clasts sampled along the central flow line of the Mer de Glace ablation area. We also used luminescence rock surface exposure dating and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (¹⁰Be) measurements to constrain headwall erosion rates for this catchment. These headwall erosion and sediment transport data were compared with simulated erosion, sediment trajectories and transport rates derived from the glacier model iSOSIA. Measured headwall erosion rates were ~0.1–5 mm a⁻¹ and are consistent with other estimates from the Mont Blanc massif. Luminescence rock surface burial ages ranged from ~0.6 to ~6.7 ka and clustered into distinct age populations at ~0.8 ka, ~1.5 ka, ~2.2 ka, and ~6.7 ka. The youngest age population is consistent with continuous englacial transport times predicted by the glacier modelling and observations of present-day glacier surface velocity, whereas the older age clusters indicate prolonged sediment storage within the catchment. Comparison of our results with results from Miage Glacier, Italian Alps, shows that long-term sediment storage with durations exceeding 1 ka is common in steep alpine glacierised catchments, despite high erosion rates and active ice flow. Luminescence burial ages indicate that sediment can be stored during periods of glacier minima, then released during more active phases. Glacierised catchments therefore act as millennial-scale sediment reservoirs, introducing time lags between sediment production and downstream transport, that modulate climatic signals recorded in proglacial stratigraphy during deglaciation.

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The storage and release of sediment from glacierised catchments is an important process in mountain landscape evolution, and yet sediment transport pathways and residence times within glaciers remain poorly constrained. We quantified headwall erosion rates and englacial sediment transport and storage times in the Mer de Glace catchment in the Mont Blanc massif, French Alps, during deglaciation through the Holocene (11.7 ka to present). Englacial sediment transport and storage times were constrained using luminescence rock surface burial ages of granitic clasts sampled along the central flow line of the Mer de Glace ablation area. We also used luminescence rock surface exposure dating and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (¹⁰Be) measurements to constrain headwall erosion rates for this catchment. These headwall erosion and sediment transport data were compared with simulated erosion, sediment trajectories and transport rates derived from the glacier model iSOSIA. Measured headwall erosion rates were ~0.1–5 mm a⁻¹ and are consistent with other estimates from the Mont Blanc massif. Luminescence rock surface burial ages ranged from ~0.6 to ~6.7 ka and clustered into distinct age populations at ~0.8 ka, ~1.5 ka, ~2.2 ka, and ~6.7 ka. The youngest age population is consistent with continuous englacial transport times predicted by the glacier modelling and observations of present-day glacier surface velocity, whereas the older age clusters indicate prolonged sediment storage within the catchment. Comparison of our results with results from Miage Glacier, Italian Alps, shows that long-term sediment storage with durations exceeding 1 ka is common in steep alpine glacierised catchments, despite high erosion rates and active ice flow. Luminescence burial ages indicate that sediment can be stored during periods of glacier minima, then released during more active phases. Glacierised catchments therefore act as millennial-scale sediment reservoirs, introducing time lags between sediment production and downstream transport, that modulate climatic signals recorded in proglacial stratigraphy during deglaciation.

The storage and release of sediment from glacierised catchments is an important process in mountain landscape evolution, and yet sediment transport pathways and residence times within glaciers remain poorly constrained. We quantified headwall erosion rates and englacial sediment transport and storage times in the Mer de Glace catchment in the Mont Blanc massif, French Alps, during deglaciation through the Holocene (11.7 ka to present). Englacial sediment transport and storage times were constrained using luminescence rock surface burial ages of granitic clasts sampled along the central flow line of the Mer de Glace ablation area. We also used luminescence rock surface exposure dating and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (¹⁰Be) measurements to constrain headwall erosion rates for this catchment. These headwall erosion and sediment transport data were compared with simulated erosion, sediment trajectories and transport rates derived from the glacier model iSOSIA. Measured headwall erosion rates were ~0.1–5 mm a⁻¹ and are consistent with other estimates from the Mont Blanc massif. Luminescence rock surface burial ages ranged from ~0.6 to ~6.7 ka and clustered into distinct age populations at ~0.8 ka, ~1.5 ka, ~2.2 ka, and ~6.7 ka. The youngest age population is consistent with continuous englacial transport times predicted by the glacier modelling and observations of present-day glacier surface velocity, whereas the older age clusters indicate prolonged sediment storage within the catchment. Comparison of our results with results from Miage Glacier, Italian Alps, shows that long-term sediment storage with durations exceeding 1 ka is common in steep alpine glacierised catchments, despite high erosion rates and active ice flow. Luminescence burial ages indicate that sediment can be stored during periods of glacier minima, then released during more active phases. Glacierised catchments therefore act as millennial-scale sediment reservoirs, introducing time lags between sediment production and downstream transport, that modulate climatic signals recorded in proglacial stratigraphy during deglaciation.

The storage and release of sediment from glacierised catchments is an important process in mountain landscape evolution, and yet sediment transport pathways and residence times within glaciers remain poorly constrained. We quantified headwall erosion rates and englacial sediment transport and storage times in the Mer de Glace catchment in the Mont Blanc massif, French Alps, during deglaciation through the Holocene (11.7 ka to present). Englacial sediment transport and storage times were constrained using luminescence rock surface burial ages of granitic clasts sampled along the central flow line of the Mer de Glace ablation area. We also used luminescence rock surface exposure dating and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (¹⁰Be) measurements to constrain headwall erosion rates for this catchment. These headwall erosion and sediment transport data were compared with simulated erosion, sediment trajectories and transport rates derived from the glacier model iSOSIA. Measured headwall erosion rates were ~0.1–5 mm a⁻¹ and are consistent with other estimates from the Mont Blanc massif. Luminescence rock surface burial ages ranged from ~0.6 to ~6.7 ka and clustered into distinct age populations at ~0.8 ka, ~1.5 ka, ~2.2 ka, and ~6.7 ka. The youngest age population is consistent with continuous englacial transport times predicted by the glacier modelling and observations of present-day glacier surface velocity, whereas the older age clusters indicate prolonged sediment storage within the catchment. Comparison of our results with results from Miage Glacier, Italian Alps, shows that long-term sediment storage with durations exceeding 1 ka is common in steep alpine glacierised catchments, despite high erosion rates and active ice flow. Luminescence burial ages indicate that sediment can be stored during periods of glacier minima, then released during more active phases. Glacierised catchments therefore act as millennial-scale sediment reservoirs, introducing time lags between sediment production and downstream transport, that modulate climatic signals recorded in proglacial stratigraphy during deglaciation.

Glacier mass in the Himalaya is projected to shrink by 53 %–70 % due to climate change by 2100 CE. However, the impact of changes in precipitation amount and distribution on future glacier change remains uncertain because these variables are not often represented in glacier model projections. We explored the combined effects of past and future changes in air temperature and precipitation amount and distribution on the evolution of Khumbu Glacier in the Everest region of Nepal. We used a glacier modelling approach that forced an ice-dynamical glacier evolution model with surface mass balance calculations that included mesoscale meteorological variables derived from statistical downscaling of existing regional climate projections. Our simulations show that historical warming has committed Khumbu Glacier to mass loss of 10 %–23 % during this century, and that under an intermediate future emissions scenario (RCP4.5), this glacier could lose 70 % mass by 2100 CE due to warming. The projected increase in precipitation in tandem with warming could offset about half of the projected glacier loss, such that the total decrease in glacier mass by 2100 CE compared to the present day would be reduced to 34 %. However, under a higher future emissions scenario (RCP8.5) glacier loss due to warming will not be compensated by changes in precipitation, but will instead result in substantial ablation above 6000 m elevation, with devastating consequences for one of the highest glaciers on Earth.

The storage and release of sediment from glacierised catchments is an important process in mountain landscape evolution, and yet sediment transport pathways and residence times within glaciers remain poorly constrained. We quantified headwall erosion rates and englacial sediment transport and storage times in the Mer de Glace catchment in the Mont Blanc massif, French Alps, during deglaciation through the Holocene (11.7 ka to present). Englacial sediment transport and storage times were constrained using luminescence rock surface burial ages of granitic clasts sampled along the central flow line of the Mer de Glace ablation area. We also used luminescence rock surface exposure dating and terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (¹⁰Be) measurements to constrain headwall erosion rates for this catchment. These headwall erosion and sediment transport data were compared with simulated erosion, sediment trajectories and transport rates derived from the glacier model iSOSIA. Measured headwall erosion rates were ~0.1–5 mm a⁻¹ and are consistent with other estimates from the Mont Blanc massif. Luminescence rock surface burial ages ranged from ~0.6 to ~6.7 ka and clustered into distinct age populations at ~0.8 ka, ~1.5 ka, ~2.2 ka, and ~6.7 ka. The youngest age population is consistent with continuous englacial transport times predicted by the glacier modelling and observations of present-day glacier surface velocity, whereas the older age clusters indicate prolonged sediment storage within the catchment. Comparison of our results with results from Miage Glacier, Italian Alps, shows that long-term sediment storage with durations exceeding 1 ka is common in steep alpine glacierised catchments, despite high erosion rates and active ice flow. Luminescence burial ages indicate that sediment can be stored during periods of glacier minima, then released during more active phases. Glacierised catchments therefore act as millennial-scale sediment reservoirs, introducing time lags between sediment production and downstream transport, that modulate climatic signals recorded in proglacial stratigraphy during deglaciation.

The Editors of the Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface would like to express our thanks and appreciation to everyone who served as manuscript reviewers for this journal during 2025. We extend our thanks to the 921 reviewers who provided 1,240 reviews of manuscripts for JGR: Earth Surface . Finding the time to provide good quality and detailed peer reviews can be challenging, and requires individuals to take time from their own research to contribute to the progress of our field more widely. Providing peer review can also be a mentoring practice for early career colleagues, both through providing constructive feedback on their work and through co‐reviewing as a means of training the next generation of peer reviewers. We greatly appreciate the large community of geomorphologists who have taken the time to write reviews, and particularly for providing constructive and critical feedback that guides authors to write the best possible paper about their research.

Outbursts from ice-dammed lakes typically recur through cycles of filling and are driven by complex drainage mechanisms that can influence the magnitude and the timings of the Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF). Predicting GLOFs from ice-dammed lakes is complex, because ice dams are formed by an active glacier that is constantly changing in response to climate. New approaches combining numerical modelling, AI-driven models and remote sensing can be used to understand these protean hazards. This study combines subglacial modelling (using GlaDS within Elmer/Ice) with novel field data to enhance the understanding of physical processes during outburst flood events from an ice-dammed lake in Norway. This aim fits within the larger CryoSCOPE project that seeks to integrate machine-learning with physics-based numerical models and remote-sensing observations to improve the assessment of cryospheric hazards. The study glacier is Rembesdalskåka, the largest outlet glacier of Hardangerjøkulen ice cap in southern Norway and the source of Norway's most destructive GLOFs in 1893 and 1937. The glacier was monitored over the last 50 years, making an ideal case study to improve understanding of these complex processes at place. We will present field observations from 2025, and the data inputs for the modelling of GLOFs between 2023 and 2026 as a first step towards understanding the exact sequence of events and interplay of processes that drives GLOF-events at Rembesdalskåka.