Wenchao Hu

This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between serum phosphorus level and low muscle mass in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this cross-sectional study, 1078 T2DM inpatients were recruited. Low muscle mass was defined as a skeletal muscle index (SMI) < 7.0 kg/m² for men and < 5.4 kg/m² for women, which measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Serum phosphorus (P) was measured using the phosphomolybdate method. Clinical information and other biochemical characteristics were measured and recorded. The prevalence of low muscle mass was 20.2% in men and 13.6% in women. A higher serum phosphorus level was associated with a significantly lower risk of low muscle mass in both genders after multivariable adjustment. A nonlinear, threshold-dependent positive correlation was observed between serum phosphorus and SMI, with significant associations below cohort-specific thresholds of 0.98 mmol/L in men and 1.04 mmol/L in women. Higher serum phosphorus level is associated with a lower prevalence of low muscle mass (i.e., positively correlated with SMI) in T2DM patients. And this exploratory finding requires validation in longitudinal studies.

Introduction: Muscle function and strength are related to magnesium (Mg). The risk of low muscle mass in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is higher compared to healthy individuals. This study aimed to evaluate the association between serum Mg and low muscle mass in people with T2DM. Methods: This study included 1074 inpatients with T2DM with measured skeletal muscle index (SMI) and serum Mg concentrations, along with collected clinical characteristics. SMI was measured using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Logistic regression analysis and linear regression analysis were employed to examine the associations between serum Mg concentrations and low muscle mass or SMI, respectively. Results: The prevalence of low muscle mass was 20.28% in males and 14.20% in females. Serum Mg concentration was significantly higher in the low muscle mass group compared to the normal muscle mass group. Furthermore, among female patients with T2DM, a negative correlation was observed between Mg levels and SMI. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that high Mg levels were significantly associated with an increased risk of low muscle mass. Specifically, in females, higher serum Mg levels significantly increased the risk of low muscle mass. The odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) across increasing tertiles (T1 to T3) of serum Mg were 1.00 (reference), 1.321 (95% CI, 0.626–2.790), and 2.071 (95% CI, 1.011–4.243), respectively, with a significant trend ( p for trend = 0.039). Conclusion: Low muscle mass in T2DM patients is associated with serum Mg levels. Notably, among female patients, higher serum Mg concentrations showed a significant linear trend and were negatively correlated with low muscle mass.

Background: Fat distribution plays an important role in impaired glucose tolerance. Android adiposity (ANDROID) and gynoid adiposity (GYNOID) have been proven to be linked with insulin resistance. A higher risk of sarcopenia is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In this study, ANDROID, GYNOID, and ANDROID to GYNOID ratios (A/G ratios) were evaluated in T2DM patients to determine if they were associated with sarcopenia. Methods: We recruited 1086 T2DM patients, measured skeletal muscle index (SMI), ANDROID, GYNOID, and collected clinical data. Results: T2DM patients with 119 male subjects had sarcopenia (20.24%), and 72 female subjects had sarcopenia (16.51%). All patients with T2DM who had high ANDROID and A/G ratios were at a reduced risk of sarcopenia. The SMI showed a correlation with ANDROID and A/G ratios among subjects with T2DM. Conclusion: ANDROID and A/G ratios are inversely related to sarcopenia in T2DM patients.

Creatine kinase (CK), the key enzyme in regulating energy metabolism, is demonstrated to be correlated with insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered as a risk factor for developing low muscle mass. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate whether serum CK is associated with low muscle mass in T2DM patients. This cross-sectional study enrolled a consecutive population of 1086 T2DM patients recruited from the inpatients in our department. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was utilized to detect the skeletal muscle index (SMI). In all, 117 males (20.24%) and 72 females (16.51%) showed low muscle mass in T2DM patients. CK was associated with a reduced risk of low muscle mass in male and female T2DM patients. SMI was correlated with age, duration of diabetes, body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and CK in male subjects analyzed using linear regression. Linear regression analysis showed that SMI was correlated with age, BMI, DBP, and CK in female subjects. In addition, CK was correlated with BMI and fasting plasma glucose in male and female T2DM groups. CK is inversely correlated with low muscle mass in T2DM patients.

Objective Low hemoglobin (Hb) levels are related to malnutrition and can lead to dysfunction and physical disability. T2DM is more likely to develop low muscle mass. This study is performed to evaluate the association between hemoglobin and low muscle mass in T2DM patients. Method This cross-sectional study recruited 1054 inpatients in Qilu Hospital (Qingdao). Skeletal muscle index (SMI) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Hb was detected by automatic blood cell analyzer. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to determine the risk factors for low muscle mass. Result 119 male subjects (20.3%) and 60 female subjects (12.6%) had low muscle mass in T2DM patients. Hb was correlated with a decreased risk of low muscle mass in both genders. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that SMI was associated with age, HbA1c, and Hb in male subjects. While in female subjects, SMI was associated with age, SBP, and Hb. In male participants, Hb was positively correlated with SMI after multivariate adjustment. Hb was positively correlated with SMI when Hb was ≤ 136. However, the correlation was not statistically significant when Hb was > 136. In addition, Hb was correlated with SMI after multivariate analysis in female subjects. When Hb was > 122, Hb was positively correlated with SMI. Hb was negatively correlated with SMI when Hb was ≤ 122, however, the association was not statistically significant. Conclusion Hb is inversely correlated with the presence of low muscle mass in T2DM patients.

Objective. The alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST) ratio is thought to be related to metabolic disorders and insulin resistance. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a high-risk population for low muscle mass. This study was performed to evaluate the association between ALT/AST and muscle mass in subjects with T2DM. Method. This cross-sectional study enrolled 1068 subjects (566 males and 502 females) with T2DM. General information, medical history, and blood samples were collected. Skeletal muscle index (SMI) was detected using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Logistic regression analysis was utilized to determine the correlation of ALT/AST and low muscle mass in subjects with T2DM. Multiple linear regression analysis was utilized to evaluate the association between ALT/AST, SMI and other metabolic characteristics. Result. Of all subjects, 115 men (20.3) and 71 women (14.1) presented low muscle mass. ALT/AST was related to an increased risk for low muscle mass in both genders. Multiple linear regression analysis displayed that SMI was negatively associated with ALT/AST, age, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in male group. While in female group, SMI was positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) and negatively associated with ALT/AST and age. Furthermore, ALT/AST was associated with age and BMI in both genders. Conclusion. ALT/AST was negatively associated with muscle mass in subjects with T2DM.

Objective: The adipokine asprosin, which was recently discovered, facilitates hepatic glucose production. The aim of this study is to see whether serum asprosin concentrations are linked to diabetic nephropathy (DN). Methods: We performed this investigation in a group of 212 type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. These patients were classified into three subgroups: DN0 group (normal to mildly increased), DN1 group (moderately increased), and DN2 group (severely increased) on the basis of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Results: When compared to the controls, T2DM patients had higher serum asprosin levels. The DN2 group had significantly higher serum asprosin than the DN0 and DN1 groups. Furthermore, the DN1 group had higher serum asprosin than the DN0 group. Serum asprosin was linked to a higher risk of T2DM and DN in a logistic regression analysis. Serum asprosin was found to be positively related with disease duration, systolic blood pressure, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid, ACR, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker therapy, but negatively related with glomerular filtration rate, metformin, and acarbose therapy. Conclusion: Serum asprosin increase with the progression of DN. Serum asprosin is correlated with renal function and ACR.

Myonectin, a newly discovered myokine, enhances fatty acid uptake in cultured adipocytes and hepatocytes and suppresses circulating levels of free fatty acids in mice. This study is performed to evaluate the association between serum and aqueous humor myonectin concentrations with diabetic retinopathy (DR). This study was performed in a population of 228 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and 72 control subjects. Diabetic patients were then divided into T2DM patients without DR, non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) patients, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) patients. Serum and aqueous humor myonectin concentrations were significantly lower in the case group than in the control group. PDR patients showed significantly decreased serum and aqueous humor myonectin concentrations than in the other two T2DM patients. In addition, NPDR patients showed significantly lower serum and aqueous humor myonectin concentrations than T2DM patients without DR. Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that serum and aqueous humor myonectin was correlated with a decreased risk of T2DM and DR. Simple linear regression analysis showed that serum myonectin was negatively correlated with duration of disease, body mass index (BMI), and HbA1c. Duration of disease and BMI were still correlated with the serum myonectin after a multiple linear regression analysis. Aqueous humor myonectin was negatively correlated with duration of disease, systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure. Duration of disease and SBP was still correlated with the aqueous humor myonectin after a multiple linear regression analysis. Our investigation indicates an inverse association of serum and aqueous humor myonectin with DR.