María Inés Isla

Larrea cuneifolia Cav. (“jarilla macho”) is a medicinal shrub native to arid regions of Argentina with recognized antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antitumoral, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. However, its slow growth and dependence on wild harvesting limit its sustainable utilization. This study developed an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation, greenhouse acclimatization, and field establishment of L. cuneifolia and evaluated the phytochemical profile and biological activities of micropropagated plants in comparison with those of wild individuals. Seeds were germinated under aseptic conditions, and nodal explants were cultured on media supplemented with different plant growth regulators. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 1 mg/L) provided the best overall response, promoting leaf production, nodal development, and rooting. Plantlets showed 95% survival during greenhouse acclimatization and 80% survival after field establishment in the Valles Calchaquíes, Argentina. Acclimatization was accompanied by increased accumulation of phenolic compounds and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), the principal lignan of the genus Larrea. High-performance liquid chromatography–heated electrospray ionization–Orbitrap high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–HESI–Orbitrap–HR MS/MS) analysis showed that propagated plants retained the characteristic phytochemical profile of wild L. cuneifolia, including its lignan-rich epicuticular resin. Despite differences in metabolite abundance and diversity, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities remained comparable to those of wild plants. These results demonstrate that micropropagated L. cuneifolia plants retain their phytochemical identity, NDGA accumulation capacity, biological activity, and metabolic plasticity after acclimatization and field establishment. The protocol therefore provides a promising strategy for ex situ conservation and sustainable production of L. cuneifolia biomass for potential pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications while reducing harvesting pressure on natural populations.

This study aimed to optimize the extraction of total phenolic compounds from Cannabis sativa L. leaf powder cultivated in Tucumán, Argentina (INBIOFIV 00500 Tuc chemotype), using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and to evaluate the process at a screening level in terms of environmental performance. Although leaves are not the primary raw material in the medicinal cannabis industry—where inflorescences are preferentially used due to their cannabinoid content—they represent an underutilized biomass with potential for valorization as a source of bioactive phenolic compounds for cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical applications. The leaves were dried and ground to a particle size between 74 and 840 µm. The effects of process parameters, including solid-to-liquid ratio, solvent composition, and extraction time, were evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions predicted by the model were 46% ethanol, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10 (w/v), 70% amplitude, and 30 °C. Although the model indicated a short optimal sonication time (1 min), experimental results showed that a plateau in extraction yield was reached at 6 min, with no significant increase thereafter. Under these conditions, the extract exhibited high total phenolic content (1746.83 µg GAE/mL) and total flavonoids (858.41 µg QE/mL), along with strong antioxidant activity. The extract showed no significant toxicity in the Artemia salina assay. The environmental performance of the process was assessed at a laboratory scale. The total energy consumption was 0.329 ± 0.08 kWh per extraction batch, corresponding to a carbon footprint of 0.12 kg CO₂ per batch, based on Argentina’s electricity emission factor (0.387 kg CO₂/kWh). When normalized to extraction yield, the process exhibited a relative carbon footprint of 0.0052 kg CO₂/mg GAE, indicating favorable energy efficiency per unit of antioxidant recovered. These results demonstrate that UAE is a rapid and energy-efficient technique for the recovery of phenolic compounds from cannabis leaves, supporting their valorization within a circular economy framework. However, further studies at a pilot scale and full life cycle assessment are required to confirm the environmental performance of the process at industrial level.

Native Argentine fruits and flours connect biodiversity, health, and food innovation for sustainable functional foods.

Hypseocharis pimpinellifolia (Geraniaceae), locally known as “soldaque”, is a perennial hemicryptophytic herb, endemic to the high Andes of northwestern Argentina. The tuberous roots of the soldaque represent a compelling area of study, as they have been used by local inhabitants for both nutritional and medicinal proposes since ancient times. The objective of the present work was to investigate the morphology, anatomy, and histochemistry of the vegetative organs of H. pimpinellifolia, in order to identify diagnostic botanical traits and determine the sites of synthesis and accumulation of secondary metabolites with medicinal or nutritional potential. The samples were analyzed using conventional anatomical and histochemical techniques. The soldaque presented leaves and brachyblasts with anomocytic stomata, unicellular non-glandular trichomes, and multicellular biseriate capitate glandular trichomes that accumulate lipids and phenolic compounds. The brachyblast and rhizomes exhibited similar structures with incipient secondary growth. The tuberous roots showed high polymorphism, and atypical growth with abundant starch-storing parenchyma, idioblasts containing calcium oxalate crystals, and an internal meristem forming a central wedge with phenolic compounds, lipids, and pectins. This study provides the first morpho-histological and histochemical description of the vegetative organs of H. pimpinellifolia representing the first report for the genus Hypseocharis.

Demand for cosmetics based on green production and the circular economy is growing. The inflorescences and apical leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) after blunting, deflowering, or topping are considered pre-harvest waste biomass. Using green and ecofriendly solvents such as natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs) offers a sustainable way to make use of this biomass for incorporation in cosmetic formulations. The inflorescence and apical leaves of tobacco var Virginia were therefore dried, powdered, and extracted using a NaDES composed of choline-chloride, urea, and distilled water (NaDES CU). The resulting inflorescence and apical leaves extracts showed high concentrations of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Both extracts demonstrated significant biological activity and effectively inhibited tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for melanin regulation and skin aging (IC₅₀ = 50 μg GAE/mL), as well as showing antioxidant capacity (ABTS^•+; SC₅₀ =1.7–7 μg GAE/mL). Ten nanoemulsions containing tobacco leaf- and inflorescence extract-based NaDES CU, formulated using different polysorbates, deionized water and glycerin, were produced. A low-energy emulsification technique at a constant temperature was applied. Considering the droplet size and polydispersity index, only the nanoemulsions containing inflorescence and leaf extracts based on NaDES CU and containing 5% or 10% polysorbate 85 were selected for further stability assessment and characterization. This study highlights the potential of NaDES combined with tobacco waste extracts as a sustainable and non-toxic ingredient in anti-aging and antioxidant cosmetics.

Larrea cuneifolia Cav. (common name: jarilla macho) is an endemic Argentinian medicinal shrub that has traditionally been used by the Diaguita-Calchaquí communities in the Monte Desert region in northwestern Argentina. The aim of the present study was to analyze the phytochemical profile and biological activity of the aerial parts of jarilla collected in different places throughout the year, in different seasons and times of day, to determine the optimal harvesting conditions for promoting its medicinal use. The aerial parts were collected three times a day over the course of four seasons in eight L. cuneifolia populations. The total phenolic compounds (TPCs), total flavonoid (TF) content, total lignans (TL), sugars (S) and soluble protein (SP) content were quantified by using spectrophotometric methods and HPLC-DAD. Antioxidant activity was determined by using ABTS scavenging. Significant seasonal, diurnal and spatial variations in the accumulation of TPC (52.61 to 113.52 mg GAE/g), TF (3.71 to 17.92 mg QE/g), TL (283 to 582 μg NDHGAE/g); S (5.73 to 15.17 mg GE/g) and SP (36.75 to 103.10 mg BSAE/g) in aerial parts of L. cuneifolia were revealed. The highest concentrations of TPC and TF were recorded in spring mornings. Maximum accumulation of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (291.8 ± 2.8 μg NDHGAE/mg dry weight) and other lignans were also observed in spring. Heat map analyses pinpoint Ampimpa (Site 1) as a site for jarilla sustainable harvesting, balancing high metabolite content with population abundance, especially in spring, when the highest antioxidant activity (SC₅₀ = 1.560 ± 0.021 μg GAE/mL) coincides with increased phenol levels. These studies highlight the importance of integrating ecological and phytochemical data to define harvesting strategies; collecting during spring mornings optimizes the yield of bioactive compounds, simultaneously minimizing ecological pressure. This study demonstrates how seasonal bioprospecting can inform pharmacological research and local development while safeguarding the endemic plant population.

In recent times, the population abundance of many of the native medicinal plant species in the Monte Desert in northwestern Argentina has been declining due to agricultural expansion, overgrazing, urbanization, increasing levels of harvesting, and changes in climatic conditions. Therefore, quantitative data on these species is necessary to design strategies that allow their conservation and sustainable use. This study aimed to determine the diversity patterns of some medicinal shrub species in a portion of the mountainous desert of the Calchaquí Valleys (Tucumán - Argentina). Throughout a standardized protocol, the plant communities from four localities (two sampling sites for each locality, S1 and S2) were surveyed (Ampimpa, Tío Punco, Fuerte Quemado, and Los Poleos). Relative density, relative frequency, dominance, and the species importance value index (IVI) were calculated to determine the overall species performance and dominance. Of the species identified, twelve are popularly used as medicinal. Austroflourensia fiebrigii, Pentaphorus glutinosus, Larrea cuneifolia, and Zuccagnia punctata, four medicinal plant species, were dominant in Ampimpa S1. Larrea cuneifolia, Larrea divaricata, and Z. punctata are within the medicinal plant species with the highest IVI. These plant species are used as anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, antitumoral and to treat fungal and bacterial infections. Our study seeks to provide a significant foundation for documenting future changes in these plant communities and to promote conservation strategies and multiplication of them in situ.

The cigarette production from Nicotiana tabacum generates significant amounts of waste, with an estimated 68.31 million tons of pre- and post-harvest waste discarded annually. The pre-harvest waste includes the upper parts of the plant, inflorescences, and bracts, which are removed to help the growth of the lower leaves. This study explores the potential of apical leaves from Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginia, discarded during the budding stage (pre-harvest waste). The leaves were extracted using environmentally friendly solvents (green solvents), including distilled water (DW) and two natural deep eutectic solvents (NaDESs), one consisting of simple sugars, fructose, glucose, and sucrose (FGS) and the other consisting of choline chloride and urea (CU). The anti-inflammatory and anti-aging potential of these green extracts was assessed by the inhibition of key enzymes related to skin aging. The xanthine oxidase and lipoxygenase activities were mostly inhibited by CU extracts with IC₅₀ values of 63.50 and 8.0 μg GAE/mL, respectively. The FGS extract exhibited the greatest hyaluronidase inhibition (49.20%), followed by the CU extract (33.20%) and the DW extract (20.80%). Regarding elastase and collagenase inhibition, the CU extract exhibited the highest elastase inhibition, while all extracts inhibited collagenase activity, with values exceeding 65%. Each extract had a distinct chemical profile determined by LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and spectrophotometric methods, with several shared compounds present in different proportions. CU extract is characterized by high concentrations of rutin, nicotiflorin, and azelaic acid, while FGS and DW extracts share major compounds such as quinic acid, fructosyl pyroglutamate, malic acid, and gluconic acid. Ames test and Caenorhabditis elegans assay demonstrated that at the concentrations at which the green tobacco extracts exhibit biological activities, they did not show toxicity. The results support the potential of N. tabacum extracts obtained with NaDESs as antiaging and suggest their promising applications in the cosmetic and cosmeceutical industries.

Berberis mikuna Job. (common name “mikuna”) and Berberis burruyacuensis O.R. Dantur, S. Radice, E. Giordani and Papini (common name “sacha mikuna”) are endemic native plant species from northwestern Argentina. The aim of this work was to evaluate, for the first time, the potential of the pulp, seed, and peel powders from B. mikuna and B. burruyacuensis fruits as functional food ingredients, with the purpose of adding value to these native resources and promoting their sustainable use. All powders exhibited nutritional value due to their protein, lipid, fiber, and ash content, especially the seed powder. Phenolic compounds (including xanthone, phenolic esters, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, and anthocyanins), alkaloids, amino acids, lipids, and vitamins, totaling 33 compounds, were identified in the pulp, seed, and peel of both Berberis fruits through UHPLC-PDA-ESI-QT-MS/MS. High anthocyanin content was observed in the pulp and peel, mainly in B. mikuna (195.55 ± 7.75 and 283.49 ± 6.55 g C3GE/100 g of powder, respectively), while tannins were abundant in the seeds (3.64 ± 0.11 and 6.09 ± 0.06 mg PB2/100 g of powder for B. mikuna and B. burruyacuensis, respectively). The powders exhibited antioxidant activity (ABTS^•+; H₂O₂) and the capacity to inhibit enzymes related to metabolic syndrome, such as α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and lipase. These findings suggest the potential of B. mikuna and B. burruyacuensis fruit powders as functional food ingredients, dietary supplements, or natural functional colorants for foods and beverages.

Geoffroea decorticans (Gill. ex Hook. & Arn) Burk. is a native tree of the dry areas of Northwestern and Central Argentina. Its seeds are considered waste material. The flour of seeds was analyzed as a source of nutritional and bioactive compounds. It has a low carbohydrate content, containing about 9% protein and between 10 and 14% fat. Approximately 82–84% of the fatty acids were unsaturated (oleic and linoleic acids). A high polyphenol and dietary fiber content was detected. Flavonoids and condensed tannins were the dominant phenolics. Polyphenol-enriched extracts were obtained from seed flour. The HPLC–ESI-MS/MS analysis of these concentrated extracts allowed for the identification of six compounds including C-glycosyl flavones (vitexin and isovitexin), type A procyanidins (dimer and trimer), and epicatequin gallate. Polyphenolic extracts showed antioxidant capacity and were able to inhibit enzymes (α-glucosidase and α-amylase) related to carbohydrate metabolism and (lipoxygenase) pro-inflammatory enzymes and were not toxic. Flour and polyphenolic extract from chañar seeds could be considered as new alternative ingredients for the formulation of functional foods, nutraceuticals, or food supplements. The use of the seed flour in addition to the pulp of the fruit along with the rest of the plant would encourage the propagation of this species resistant to extreme arid environments for commercial and conservation purposes to boost the regional economies of vulnerable areas of South America.