Özgür Sağlam

The pear lace bug, Stephanitis pyri (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera: Tingidae), is an economically important pest of pome fruit trees. This study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions to determine the insecticidal efficacy of Detech® WP 95 against the nymphal instars and adults of S. pyri. Experiment was carried out on apple, Malus domestica Borkh. (Rosales: Rosaceae) leaves using aqueous DE suspensions at three concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 g/m²), and mortality was recorded daily from the first to the fifth day after treatment. 100% mortality was achieved within 24h in all treatments with 1st nymphal instars, indicating a high susceptibility of early instar nymphs to DE exposure. In the 5th nymphal instar, at a rate of 2.5 g/m², mortality increased from 70 to 100% on the third and fifth day, respectively. At 5 g/m², mortality was 80% on the second day and 100% on the third day of the treatment. Overall, mortality was positively correlated with both exposure time and DE concentration. Lethal time (LT₅₀) value for adults at the lowest concentration was 1.29 days, which was lower than that of fifth-instar nymphs (2.56 days). In conclusion, DE shows significant toxicity against S. pyri and highlights its potential as a natural insecticidal agent in integrated pest management programs.

The high nutritional value of edible insects, particularly their richness in protein and micronutrients, presents a sustainable solution to meet the growing global demand for food. This study investigated the enrichment of erişte (traditional Turkish homemade pasta) formulations with grasshopper powder (GP) at a wheat flour substitution level of 0-15% to assess its effect on the nutritional values, textural and sensory properties of erişte samples. As the level of GP substitution increased, the nutritional values (protein, ash and total phenolic content) of the samples improved significantly (p<0.05). Adding 15% GP to the erişte recipe increased the protein content by up to 60%. Concerning textural parameters; erişte enriched with GP showed a significantly (p0.05) were observed in all textural properties except chewiness and resilience between samples with GP. The sensory panel rated the erişte fortified with 5% GP similar to the control sample, whereas erişte with more than 5% fortification received lower scores, primarily due to its darker color and distinct odor. Consequently, these results suggest that GP has the potential as an ingredient to improve the nutritional value of pasta products such as erişte.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Mamuşa (Kosova) ve Tekirdağ’da yetiştirilen domates ve hıyarlarda yaygın olarak kullanılan bazı pestisitlerin kalıntılarının ve bazı toksik metallerin varlığının araştırılmasıdır. Çalışma kapsamında Tekirdağ ve Mamuşa’dan toplanan 21 domates ve 17 hıyar numunesinde pestisit kalıntı ve element analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Pestisit etken maddeleri olarak abamectin, acetamiprid, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos methyl, imidacloprid, metaflumizone, propineb ve indoxacarb seçilmiştir. Elemental analizde ise bazı toksik metaller dahil 26 elementin taraması yapılmıştır. İncelenen örneklerin hiçbirisinde maksimum kalıntı limiti (MRL) üzerinde pestisit kalıntısı saptanmamıştır. Acetamiprid domateste 16 örnekte (0,25-267 µg kg-1), hıyarda 10 örnekte (0,30-202 µg kg-1), imidacloprid sadece domateste 5 örnekte (4,38-8,83 µg kg-1), indoxocarb domateste bir örnekte (21,80 µg kg-1), propineb Mamuşa’dan toplanan tüm hıyar örneklerinde (187-1090 µg kg-1) tespit edilmiştir. Elemental analiz sonuçları incelendiğinde kalay domateste 9 örnekte (10,3-12,8 mg kg-1), hıyarda 2 örnekte (10,9-13,4 mg kg-1), nikel sadece Tekirdağ’dan toplanan birer domates (14,7 mg kg-1) ve hıyar (11,3 mg kg-1) örneğinde tespit edilmiştir. Alüminyum ise analizi yapılan 3 hıyar örneğinde (10,0-36,1 mg.kg-1) tespit edilmiştir. Örneklerin hiçbirinde kurşun, kadmiyum ve civaya rastlanmaması olumlu bir durumdur. İncelenen örneklerde tespit edilen kalıntıların insan sağlığı için risk oluşturacak düzeyde olmadığı ifade edilebilir. Ancak tarımsal üretimde kullanılan su, gübre ve pestisitlerin son üründe kalıntı bırakma potansiyeline sahip olduğunu gösteren örnekler olması, üreticileri iyi tarım uygulamalarını sürdürmeye teşvik etmelidir.

The diversity of sensors in remote sensing allows for faster and easier detection of changes and issues across different scales, in contrast to conventional ground-based systems. One of the most important distinguishing features among these sensors is their varying resolutions, contributing to the versatility of remote sensing technologies across diverse environmental applications. In this study, the effectiveness of PlanetScope and Sentinel-2 satellite images with different image resolutions in detecting damage caused by a harmful insect (beet webworm moth - Loxostege sticticalis) in sunflower fields in Lüleburgaz district of Kırklareli in the Trace region was evaluated. Damage rates in sunflower fields were analyzed using various spectral indices (Enhanced Vegetation Index and Chlorophyll Index Green) and spectral transformation (Tasseled Cap Greenness) in conjunction with in situ data. Based on the spectral analysis, the satellite image dated 26 July, which showed the most severe damage, was used in the damage assessment analysis. The damaged areas were compared by classifying both satellite images with the Random Forest algorithm. According to the results of the classification accuracy assessment, PlanetScope satellite imagery showed the highest accuracy, with 90% overall accuracy and 84% Kappa statistics, making it a more suitable sensor choice for agricultural applications.

In this study, the contact toxicity of spinetoram on three different surfaces, concrete, ceramic floor tile and laminate flooring, against Acanthocelides obtectus (Say.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was evaluated in laboratory bioassays. Different concentrations were evaluated ranging from 0.0025 to 0.05 mg AI/cm², against adults of A. obtectus. Adult mortality was measured after 1-, 3-, 5- and 7-day exposure. After 1-day exposure, the mortality was low on all surfaces, ranging from 0 to 27.2%. After 5- and 7-day exposure, spinetoram at concentrations of 0.01 mg/cm² and above achieved 100% or close mortality on concrete and laminate flooring surface, whereas low concentrations (0.0025, 0.005 and 0.0075 mg AI/cm²) resulted in significantly lower mortality levels, ranging from 1.6 to 30.8%, than high concentrations. In the case of ceramic floor tile surface, spinetoram treatments at all tested concentrations did not result in 100% mortality. Significant differences were recorded among the surfaces, depending on concentrations and exposure intervals. After 3-, 5- and 7-day exposure, mortality levels on ceramic floor tile surface were generally higher at low concentrations than those on the concrete and laminate flooring surfaces, whereas those on concrete and laminate flooring surfaces were significantly higher at high concentrations than ceramic floor tile surface. These results indicate that spinetoram at 0.025 and 0.05 mg AI/cm² achieve satisfactory control at relatively short exposures on common types of surfaces and thus can be used as an effective insecticide against A. obtectus.

In this study, the status of phosphine resistance in Sitophilus oryzae (L.,1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations collected from Şanlıurfa, Adana and Kahramanmaraş province in Turkey were investigated by conducting the discriminating concentration tests and the concentration–mortality bioassays. Low (0.04 mg/L) and high (0.20 mg/L) discriminating concentration tests indicated that there was phosphine resistance of S. oryzae. The survival rates of field population of S. oryzae in Şanlıurfa, Adana and Kahramanmaraş ranged from 0 to 99%, 0 to 90% and 0 to 89% at the low discriminating concentration while it ranged from 0 to 83%, 0 to 46.5% and 0 to 28.5% at the high discriminating concentration respectively. Based on 50% mortality level (LC50), the Şanlıurfa 4, Adana 7 and Kahramanmaraş 8 populations were 57.5, 28.9, and 16.3 times more resistant, respectively, than the susceptible population (Kahramanmaraş 4). In conclusion, this study revealed that phosphine resistance in S. oryzae is high in the examined areas of Turkey and some populations have levels of resistance that may pose challenges to the continued use of phosphine for their management.

In this study, the insecticidal effect of 4 different Turkish diatomoceus earth (DE) were tested against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L. on paddy rice. Paddy rice was treated at 100, 300, 500, 900 and 1500 ppm (mg DE/kg paddy rice) concentrations of four Turkish diatomaceous earths (AGN-1, ACN-1, FB2N-1 and CCN-1) and commercial diatom earth (Silicosec). Paddy rice samples were mixed with DE and then filled into 100 ml glass vials. Rice weevil adults (<14 days) were transferred into the vials and the vials were covered with fine mesh. The experiments were carried out at 25 +/- 1 degrees C temperature, 55% RH in dark conditions under laboratory conditions. After 7, 14, 21 days of treatment the mortality rates of S. oryzae adults and progeny production numbers (F1) were recorded. AGN-1 diatomaceous earth at 300 ppm and higher concentrations produced 100 % adult mortality on the 7th days after treatment while other DE's caused 1.4- 97.7% mortality even at the highest concentration (1500 ppm). After 14 days of the treatments, 100 ppm concentration of AGN-1 produced 98.5 % mortality, while 900 and 1500 ppm concentration of ACN-1 caused 100% mortality. Other DE's, CCN-1 Silicosec and FB2N-1, at 1500 ppm concentration produced 97.3, 96.6 and 42 % of mortality respectively. After 21 days of the treatments, AGN-1 caused 100% mortality at all concentrations while ACN-1 at 900 and 1500 ppm, CCN-1 and Silicosec and FB2N-1 at 1500 ppm produced 100%, 100% and 93.9% mortality respectively. AGN1 was totally hindered progeny production. It has been determined that the differences between th insecticidal activities of tested DEs on stored product insects could be attributed to different physical properties of DE samples taken from different locations of Turkey. In this study it was determined that diatomaceous earth with high Si02 ratio (FB2N-1) had low insecticidal efficacy against tested insect. On the other hand, of DEs with similar particle size (AGN-1, FB2N-1) were determined to have significant differences in their efficacy against S. oryzae. In conclusion, this study indicated that Turkish diatomaceous earth, AGN-1 showed higher insecticidal efficacy against S. oryzae on paddy rice than commercial DE, Silicosec and can potentially be used as a grain protestant for control of S. oryzae on paddy rice.

In this study, laboratory experiments were conducted in order to assess the insecticidal and repellency effects of a novel Turkish diatomaceous earth (DE) formulation (Detech) on adults of the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). For the insecticidal activity, bioassays were conducted with soft wheat treated with 0, 600 and 900 ppm of Detech at 25 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% RH and progeny production was assessed after 45 days. For the repellency tests, two-choice tests on mono-layer wheat were conducted at 1,000 ppm of Detech at 25 ± 1°C and 65 ± 5% RH. Overall, Detech was effective against T. confusum and S. oryzae adults in wheat, causing 82% to 100% mortality at 600 and 900 ppm after 7 and 14 days exposure. The complete, or almost complete, progeny inhibition of S. oryzae were found at both concentrations, whereas the highest reduction in R. dominica progeny (84%) was obtained at 900 ppm. Detech was highly and moderately repellent to T. confusum and S. oryzae adults, respectively, whereas it had no or low repellency effect on R. dominica adults. In conclusion, Detech, which consists of a mixture of three DE deposits with different diatom frustules has potential for use against stored-grain insect pests as a promising grain protectant. Experiments were conducted in 2020-2021 in Entomology Laboratory of Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University and Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University.

En tr In this study, the efficacy of two local diatomaceous earth deposits (Detech® and Demite®) alone and their mixtures with odorless garlic powder in certain proportions against confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum du Val. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) was determined. For this purpose, the biological tests at 600, 900 and 1500 ppm (mg DE / kg wheat) concentrations of two local diatomaceous earth deposits alone and their mixtures with odorless garlic powder for 7 and 14 days were carried out at 25 ± 1 ˚C temperature and 65 ± 5% relative humidity. According to the results obtained in the present study, the effectiveness of Demite® and Detech® diatomaceous earth alone and mixtures of Demite® and Detech® diatomaceous earth and odorless garlic (E3, E4, E5 and E6) on wheat against T. confusum adults was observed to have significant differences according to application concentrations and exposure times. At low concentration (600 ppm), in general the mixtures of Demite® and Detech® diatomaceous earth with odorless garlic (E3, E4, E5 and E6) had higher insecticidal efficacy than Demite® and Detech® diatomaceous earth alone treatment. As a result, in this study, it was concluded that adding odorless garlic to Demite® and Detech® diatomaceous earth at low concentrations resulted in increased insecticidal efficacy against T. confusum and can be used in the control of T. confusum at their low concentrations (<900 ppm). Bu çalışmada iki yerel diatomit toprağı preparatının (Detech® ve Demite®) tek başına ve bunların kokusuz sarımsak tozuyla belli oranlardaki karışımlarının Kırma Biti, Tribolium confusum du Val. Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)’ne karşı etkinliklerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla buğday üzerinde 25±1 ˚C sıcaklık ve % 65±5 nispi nem ortamında tek başına iki yerel diatomit topraklarının ve bunların kokusuz sarımsak tozuyla karışımlarının 600, 900 ve 1500 ppm (mg DE/kg ürün) konsantrasyonlarda 7 ve 14 gün süreyle biyolojik testler yürütülmüştür. Mevcut çalışmada elde edilen sonuçlara göre buğday üzerinde tek başına Demite® ve Detech® diatomit toprağı uygulamaları ile Demite® ve Detech® diatomit toprağı ile kokusuz sarımsak karışımlarının (E3, E4, E5 ve E6) test edilen böceklere karşı etkinlikleri uygulama konsantrasyonuna ve süresine göre önemli farklılıklar gösterdiği görülmüştür. Düşük konsantrasyonda (600 ppm) genel olarak Demite® ve Detech® diatomit toprakların kokusuz sarımsak karışımlarının (E5 ve E6) T. confusum erginlerine karşı etkinliklerinin tek başına Demite® diatomit toprağı uygulamasına göre daha yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmada düşük konsantrasyonda Demite® ve Detech® diatomit toprağı uygulamasına kokusuz sarımsak eklemesinin T. confusum erginlerine karşı etkinliğin artmasına neden olduğu, dolayısıyla bu iki ticari yerel diatomit toprağı ile kokusuz sarımsak karışımlarının düşük konsantrasyonlarda (<900 ppm) T. confusm’un kontrolünde kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

A study was conducted in 2017 in Entomology Laboratory of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University to determine effect of temperature on insecticidal efficacy of local diatomaceous earth (DE), collected from Turkey, against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L., 1763) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum du Val., 1863 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), and the lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica (F., 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Bioassays were performed at three temperatures (20, 25 and 30ºC) and 55% RH on wheat treated with 0, 100, 300, 500, 900 and 1500 ppm (mg DE/kg grain) concentrations of local DE. Temperature had significant effect on insecticidal efficacy of local DE against the tested stored-grain insects. The effect of temperature on the insecticidal efficacy of local DE varied with insect species and concentration. Mortality of S. oryzae and T. confusum adults generally increased with increasing temperature and mortality at 30ºC was significantly higher than at 20 and 25ºC. However, for R. dominica adults treated with local DE, mortality at 20ºC were significantly higher than at 25 and 30ºC. The results indicated that complete mortality of T. confusum and S. oryzae can be achieved at lower concentrations ranging from 500 to 900 ppm. In conclusion, local DE formulation (ACN-1) has potential to be used for control of stored-grain insects.