Chih-Han Chang

Pseudoscorpions are a group of arachnids that inhabit various habitats, but only a few species occur in the intertidal zone, where their dispersal is presumably facilitated by ocean currents. In Taiwan, only two coastal species, Garypus wilsoni Lin & Chang, 2022 and Garypus sanasai Lin, Huang & Chang, 2022, have been formally recorded. In this study, we document the first record of the genus Anchigarypus Harvey, 2020, describe a new species, Anchigarypus longimanussp. nov., report its molting nest, and provide the first identification key for the species of Anchigarypus worldwide. We also provide the first descriptions of female specimens of G. wilsoni and G. sanasai.

A re-examination of the “known species” of the pheretimoid earthworms reported in James et al. (2005) from southern Taiwan results in the discovery of four new species of the genus Amynthas, namely A. chungchi sp. nov., A. kendingensis sp. nov., A. jioupengensis sp. nov. and A. lilis sp. nov. All these new species were wrongly identified as A. corticis (Kinberg, 1867). Additionally, five specimens of A. nanrenensis James, Shih & Chang, 2005 and three specimens of Metaphire houlleti (Perrier, 1872) are found to be misidentified as A. corticis and M. californica (Kinberg, 1867), respectively, by James et al. (2005). Drawida beddardi (Rosa, 1890) is a false synonym of D. barwelli (Beddard, 1886), as the former has simple and straight sperm ducts and spermathecal ducts, while the latter has long and coiled ones. Both Amynthas triastriatus usualis Dong, Jiang, Yuan, Zhao & Qiu, 2020 and Metaphire remanens Jin, Jiang, Li & Qiu, 2022 are nomenclaturally unavailable names, since they were published in electronic journals without ZooBank registration, and there is no explicit statement on the deposition of the type material for each of the taxa. Metaphire guillelmi (Michaelsen, 1895) listed in Nguyen et al. (2016, 2020) is a misidentification and needs to be re-examined. Errors and problems identified in recent publications on East and Southeast Asian earthworms are discussed.

This study describes a new species of earthworms belonging to the genus Amynthas (Clitellata: Megascolecidae) from northern Taiwan. It is named Amynthas popi sp. nov. It is a large earthworm with four pairs of spermathecal pores in 5/6–8/9. It has a postsetal papilla medial to each male porophore and papillae closely or widely paired in presetal VIII, widely paired in postsetal XIX, and occasionally more closely paired in presetal XIX. Its compact prostate glands together with short, stout and horizontal prostatic ducts are rarely seen among the native Amynthas earthworms known from Taiwan. Amynthas sheni (Chen, 1935) is a false synonym of Amynthas corticis (Kinberg, 1867) as the former has postsetal papillae on ventrum of VIII and occasionally also on IX, four pairs of esophageal hearts in X–XIII, well-developed prostate glands in XVI–XXI and long, U-curved prostatic ducts, which clearly set it apart from the latter. Other taxonomic issues relating to A. corticis are discussed. Additionally, Amynthas jampeanus fumigatus (Michaelsen, 1899) should be regarded as a subspecies of Amynthas bonthainensis (Benham, 1896) since it bears a very close resemblance to A. bonthainensis than to Amynthas jampeanus (Benham, 1896). The following combination is proposed: Amynthas bonthainensis fumigatus (Michaelsen, 1899) comb. nov.

This is the first taxonomic study of Collembola in Taiwan integrating morphological and molecular evidence to investigate the Taiwanese species in the genus Ptenothrix Börner. We discovered that specimens previously identified as Ptenothrix denticulata (Folsom, 1899) actually consist of several cryptic species, of which we described two species new to science. Our data revealed that, although these species are remarkably similar to each other, they can be distinguished by color patterns, chaetotaxic characters and DNA barcoding (COI). We also designated one of the syntypes of Ptenothrix denticulata (Folsom, 1899) as its lectotype, and treated Dicyrtoma denticulata (Salmon 1964) as a synonym of Ptenothrix denticulata (Salmon 1964) (syn. nov.). Lastly, our study suggests that the diversity of Collembola in Taiwan is still poorly understood, with a high potential for new studies focusing on these microarthropods.

Correct and timely identification of an invasive species during quarantine or at an early stage of invasion before establishment or spread is critical for preventing biological invasions. However, taxonomic confusion of potential invasive earthworm species caused by incorrect taxonomic treatment or reckless taxonomic work has made it difficult to properly recognize potential invasion threats. Through analyzing publicly available DNA sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene, we confirmed the validity of the specific status of Amynthas masatakae (Beddard, 1892), a peregrine earthworm species in East Asia with the potential to spread to other regions of the world, and designated two new synonyms of A. masatakae: Amynthas tralfamadore Blakemore, 2012 syn. nov. and Amynthas scaberulus Sun and Jiang, 2021 syn. nov. Additionally, the name A. triastriatus usualis Dong, Jiang, Yuan, Zhao and Qiu, 2020 is nomenclaturally unavailable since it was published in an electronic journal without ZooBank registration and an explicit statement establishing a new nominal taxon. Specimens described under this unavailable name actually belong to A. masatakae. Inadequate literature review and erroneous species identities associated with sequences in GenBank have caused even more problems in the already confusing earthworm taxonomy.

From urban green space to pristine forest, Collembola is one of the most numerous and species-rich members of the soil fauna around the world. However, due to lack of taxonomic expertise and research, its diversity is poorly understood, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Collembola biodiversity studies in Taiwan have not seen much progress since 1981, when Hsin Chi reviewed 26 species belonging to 20 genera and eight families. Additionally, reports of new records in Taiwan in the last 40 years are scattered amongst several publications and not easily accessible to most end-users. Thus, a concise summary of related research is urgently needed. In this study, we updated the checklist of Collembola in Taiwan, based on published papers as well as images recorded in 2020–2022. We concluded that 58 species of Collembola belonging to 31 genera and 12 families have been reported in Taiwan, including 13 newly-recorded species. This species richness marks a 123% increase from the 1981 review. The results have been made publicly available in the Catalog of Life in Taiwan database and the images recorded have been used to update species information in collembola.org. We also characterised morphological and genetic variations in the globular springtail species Papirioides jacobsoni Folsom, 1924 using DNA barcodes and highlighted potential research directions.

Acute resource pulses can have dramatic legacies for organismal growth, but the legacy effects of resource pulses on broader aspects of community structure and ecosystem processes are less understood. Mass emergence of periodical cicadas (Magicicadaspp.) provides an excellent opportunity to shed light on the influence of resource pulses on community and ecosystem dynamics: the adults emerge every 13 or 17 years in vast numbers over much of eastern North America, with a smaller but still significant number becoming incorporated into forest food webs. To study the potential effects of such arthropod resource pulse on primary production and belowground food webs, we added adult cicada bodies to the soil surface surrounding sycamore trees and assessed soil carbon and nitrogen concentrations, plant‐available nutrients, abundance and community composition of soil fauna occupying various trophic levels, decomposition rate of plant litter after 50 and 100 days, and tree performance for 4 years. Contrary to previous studies, we did not find significant cicada effects on tree performance despite observing higher plant‐available nutrient levels on cicada addition plots. Cicada addition did change the community composition of soil nematodes and increased the abundance of bacterial‐ and fungal‐feeding nematodes, while plant feeders, omnivores, and predators were not influenced. Altogether, acute resource pulses from decomposing cicadas propagated belowground to soil microbial‐feeding invertebrates and stimulated nutrient mineralization in the soil, but these effects did not transfer up to affect tree performance. We conclude that, despite their influence on soil food web and processes they carry out, even massive resource pulses from arthropods do not necessarily translate to NPP, supporting the view that ephemeral nutrient pulses can be attenuated relatively quickly despite being relatively large in magnitude.

Pseudoscorpions are predatory microarthropods that feed on even smaller animals, such as mites and springtails. While these organisms are generally considered terrestrial and live in the leaf litter or under barks or rocks, some pseudoscorpions live in the intertidal area, including species in the genera Anagarypus, Anchigarypus, and Garypus in the family Garypidae. This study describes two new species of the genus Garypus L. Koch from Southern Taiwan, Garypus wilsoni Lin & Chang sp. nov. and Garypus sanasai Lin, Huang & Chang sp. nov., reviews the pseudoscorpion fauna of Taiwan, and provides an updated checklist of the country. Specimens of the two new species were collected in seashore habitats and their status as new species were supported by both morphology and molecular phylogenetic analysis. Our discovery marks the first new species of pseudoscorpions reported in Taiwan since 1937, as well as the first records of the family Garypidae in Taiwan and of Garypus in East Asia. Moreover, the discovery of these two new species in Taiwan fills the regional distribution gap between Garypus in Thailand and southward and its closely related genus Anchigarypus in South Korea and Japan. The location where Garypus sanasai Lin, Huang & Chang sp. nov. was found also represents the northernmost distribution of the genus Garypus in the West Pacific.