Edwin Enciso-Roca

El presente trabajo de investigación de desarrolló con el objetivo de evaluar la capacidad antioxidante de extractos atomizado y liofilizados obtenidos del extracto hidroalcohólico de hojas de Piper aduncum L. y de Oenothera rosea L’Hér ex Aiton, para el cual se utilizó como agentes encapsulantes a la maltodextrina, goma arábiga y una mezcla proporcional de ambos. Se determinó el contenido de fenoles totales, flavonoides totales y la capacidad antioxidante se realizó utilizando los ensayos de DPPH, ABTS y FRAP. El liofilizado y atomizado de O. rosea mostraron mayor contenido de fenoles totales (p < 0,05) y flavonoides (p<0,05); asimismo, tuvieron buena actividad en los ensayos de ABTS (p < 0,05) y FRAP (p < 0,05); mientras que, el liofilizado de P. aduncum, mostró mejor actividad en el ensayo de DPPH.

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto gastroprotector del mucílago extraído de las hojas de Aloe vera (sábila) en ratas albinas. Materiales y métodos: La técnica empleada fue la observación yel método se basó en la inducción de úlceras gástricas con etanol de 96°. Los animales se dividieron en siete grupos de tratamiento: (I) grupo blanco, que recibió suero fisiológico (4 mL/kg); (II) grupo al que se administró etanol al 96° (1 mL/animal); (III) grupo tratado con ranitidina (100 mg/kg); (IV) grupo al que se aplicó sucralfato (50 mg/kg); y (V a VII), tratados con mucílago en dosis de 25, 50 y 100 mg/kg, respectivamente. Resultados: Los volúmenes promedio del contenido gástrico de los animales que recibieron mucílago a dosis de 50 y 100 mg/kg fueron estadísticamente similares a los observados en los grupos que recibieron ranitidina y sucralfato. El porcentaje de eficiencia para incrementar el pH del contenido gástrico en los animales de experimentación fue mayor en el grupo de ranitidina, seguido por el de sucralfato y, posteriormente, por los grupos tratados con las diferentes dosis de mucílago. El porcentaje de inhibición en la formación de úlceras por efecto del tratamiento con el mucílago a dosis de 25, 50 y 100 mg/kg fue de 54,45 %, 64,45 % y 73,33 %, respectivamente. En el caso de la ranitidina se presentó una inhibición del 58,89 % y en el sucralfato, el 73,33 % (p < 0,05). La dosis de 100 mg/kg fue estadísticamente similar al sucralfato, mientras que la dosis de 50 mg/kg fue similar a la ranitidina. El estudio histopatológico mostró un componente inflamatorio de leve a moderado disperso, que alcanza la submucosa, y es perivascular. En el grupo tratado con alcohol de 96°, se observó la lesión ulcerativa con inflamación aguda que alcanza a la submucosa. En cambio, en los grupos tratados con mucílago, así como los estándares (ranitidina y sucralfato) inhibieron la formación de úlceras. Conclusiones: El mucílago extraído de las hojas de Aloe vera (A. vera) presentó un efecto gastroprotector en los animales de experimentación.

Many studies around the world demonstrate the increase in antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter spp., which is associated with gastrointestinal problems in humans. Faced with the imminent growth of antibiotic resistance, it is important to evaluate alternative products with antimicrobial properties. Tocosh is a product used by Andean populations for its antibiotic capacity, so extracts of tocosh flour were analyzed to evaluate its antimicrobial effect against strains of Campylobacter coli. Antimicrobial effect of Tocosh flour (Solanum tuberosum L.) in 56 cryopreserved strains of Campylobacter coli isolated from chicken meat sold in Metropolitan Lima was evaluated. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of three brands of tocosh flour (T1, T2 and T3) were obtained by partial evaporation method and their antimicrobial activity against Campylobacter coli strains was evaluated using the agar diffusion method to then find the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). The ethanolic extract of two of the three brands of tocosh flour showed reduced inhibitory activity against Campylobacter coli strains with MIC values ranging between 43.75 mg/ml and 87.5 mg/ml. We concluded that the ethanolic extract of tocosh flour has a reduced antibacterial activity against Campylobacter coli strains.

Objectives. To determine the resistance and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of erythromycin, azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline in Campylobacter coli strains isolated from chicken carcasses sold in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods. Cryopreserved strains of C. coli (n=106) were reactivated and the concordance (Kappa coefficient) of the resistance and MIC results between the disk diffusion (DD), E-test (ET), and microdilution plate (MDP) tests was evaluated. Results. Ninety-seven strains were reactivated, of which 94 to 100% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, and tetracycline, while only 58% were resistant to azithromycin in the DD test. The ET and MDP tests showed 78 to 100% of resistant strains, with azithromycin presenting the lowest percentage of resistance. More than 70% of strains were resistant to at least three antibiotics in all three tests. In addition, 50%, 69%, and 100% of strains had a MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL for ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, and tetracycline/erythromycin, respectively. Conclusions. C. coli strains from chicken carcasses had a high percentage of multidrug resistance. The concordance between the three tests was almost perfect, but the ET strips showed maximum concentrations that are insufficient for the MIC in these strains. It is recommended to perform resistance and MIC testingusing the MDP, as it allows for a wider range of antibiotic concentrations to be used.

Clinopodium bolivianum (Benth.) Kuntze, commonly known as muña, inca muña or koa, has traditionally been used for its medicinal properties in digestive disorders. Some studies have revealed its antioxidant potential and antibacterial activity. This study determined the volatile components, evaluated the antioxidant capacity of C. bolivianum essential oil and its incorporation into three hair cosmetic formulations: shampoo, combing cream, and capillary lotion. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) confirmed pulegone as the main component, accounting for 66.85% of the essential oil. The antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays, with Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid) as a reference compound. The essential oil exhibited significant radical scavenging activity, with IC₅₀ values of 1344.0 ± 12.23 µg/mL for DPPH and 40.125 ± 1.25 µg/mL for ABTS. Among the formulated cosmetic products, the combing cream containing 0.5% of the essential oil demonstrated the highest antioxidant activity, with IC₅₀ values of 0.72 µg/mL (DPPH) and 0.068 µg/mL (ABTS). In contrast, the shampoo and capillary lotion showed lower antioxidant potential. The stability evaluation confirmed that all formulations maintained their physicochemical properties under accelerated conditions. These findings highlight the potential application of C. bolivianum essential oil as a natural antioxidant in cosmetic formulations, contributing to its protective and functional properties.

Chenopodium quinoa sprouts possess a superior nutritional profile relative to conventional quinoa seeds, which is mainly attributable to their germination process. Sprouting quinoa is able to preserve its substantial nutritional value while enhancing its bioavailability and digestibility. The aim of this study was to evaluate the gastroprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of three varieties of quinoa sprouts (pasankalla, yellow maranganí, and black coito). The chemical compounds were determined using LC-MS (Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry). Antioxidant activity was determined using two analytical methods, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS). To evaluate the gastroprotective effects of these hydroalcoholic extracts in Holtzman male rats, a gastric lesion was induced with 96% ethanol after the administration of the hydroalcoholic extract of the three varieties of C. quinoa sprouts. Our phytochemical analysis results reveal the presence of amino acids (valine, leucine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophane, proline, tyrosine, and arginine, among others) and their derivatives, organic acids, monosaccharides, lipids, nucleobases/nucleosides, steroids, triterpene saponins, and coumarins. The pasankalla, yellow maranganí, and black coito varieties exhibited antioxidant capacities of 36.70, 32.32, and 34.63 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/mg of extract for the DPPH radical and 56.61, 41.56, and 52.09 µmol TE/mg of extract for the ABTS radical, respectively. The percentage of antisecretory efficiency at a dose of 500 mg/kg for the pasankalla, yellow maranganí, and black coito varieties was 34.13%, 30.67%, and 26.67%, respectively, and the anti-ulcer effect, expressed as a percentage of inhibition of ulcer formation, was 74.7%, 67.4%, and 69.5%, respectively. In contrast, the groups treated with ranitidine and sucralfate exhibited percentages of 59.0% and 67.4%, respectively. The pasankalla quinoa exhibits more significant antioxidant activity and a stronger gastroprotective effect compared to the other varieties examined in this study. In conclusion, the hydroalcoholic extracts of the three varieties of C. quinoa sprouts exhibited a gastroprotective effect, and the pasankalla variety at a dose of 500 mg/kg exhibited a stronger protective effect on the gastric mucosa of the rats.

In this research, we aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of an atomized extract of Cnidoscolus diacanthus (Pax & K. Hoffm.) J.F. Macbr., known in Peru as “huanarpo hembra”, and its effect on sex hormone levels. Its phytochemical profile was determined using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), while its total phenol content (TPC) and total flavonoids (TFs) were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the aluminum chloride method. Its antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), the radical 2,2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazolin-6 sulfonic acid (ABTS), and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The biological activity of C. diacanthus and its effect on sexual hormones were determined in Holtzman rats of both sexes. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic compounds in its leaves and stems, mainly rutin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid, and genistein. However, the stem extract contained higher total phenol (464.38 ± 4.40 GAE/g) and flavonoid (369.17 ± 3.16 mg QE/g of extract) contents than the leaf extract (212.38 ± 3.19 mg GAE/g and 121.49 ± 2.69 mg QE/g). For DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP, the Trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was 597.20 ± 5.40 µmol/g, 452.67 ± 5.76 µmol/g, and 535.91 ± 1.56 µmol/g, respectively, for the stems, while for the leaves, it was 462.39 ± 3.99 µmol/g, 202.32 ± 5.20 µmol/g, and 198.13 ± 1.44 µmol/g, respectively. In terms of the values for hormonal levels, at a dose of 100 mg/kg of the extract, testosterone levels of 1.430 ng/mL (with the leaf extract) and 1.433 ng/mL (with the stem extract), respectively, were found in the male rats. Regarding estradiol levels, in the female rats, these were 10.425 ng/mL (leaf extract) and 8.775 ng/mL (stem extract), while their levels of luteinizing hormone were 0.320 mIU/mL (leaf extract) and 0.273 mIU/mL (stem extract). For the follicle-stimulating hormone, levels of 0.858 mIU/mL (leaf extract) and 0.840 mIU/mL (stem extract) were found in the female rats, and levels of 0.220 mIU/mL (leaf extract) and 0.200 mIU/mL (stem extract) were found in the male rats. It is concluded that the C. diacanthus stem extract had a greater antioxidant capacity than the leaf extract, while both extracts had a superior effect on the sex hormone levels in the female rats compared to the male rats.

Schinus molle is a medicinal plant used as an anti‐inflammatory and for rheumatic pain in the traditional medicine of Peru. On the other hand, Aedes aegypti is the main vector of several tropical diseases and the transmitter of yellow fever, chikungunya, malaria, dengue, and Zika virus. In this study, the aim was to investigate the antioxidant activity in vitro and the insecticidal activity in silico, in the presence of the mosquito juvenile hormone‐binding protein (mJHBP) from Aedes aegypti, of the essential oil from S. molle leaves. The volatile phytochemicals were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), and the profile antioxidants were examined by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The evaluation in silico was carried out on mJHBP (PDB: 5V13) with an insecticidal approach. The results revealed that EO presented as the main volatile components to alpha‐phellandrene (32.68%), D‐limonene (12.59%), and beta‐phellandrene (12.24%). The antioxidant activity showed values for DPPH = 11.42 ± 0.08 μmol ET/g, ABTS = 134.88 ± 4.37 μmol ET/g, and FRAP = 65.16 ± 1.46 μmol ET/g. Regarding the insecticidal approach in silico, alpha‐muurolene and gamma‐cadinene had the best biding energy on mJHBP (ΔG = −9.7 kcal/mol), followed by beta‐cadinene (ΔG = −9.5 kcal/mol). Additionally, the volatile components did not reveal antioxidant activity, and its potential insecticidal effect would be acting on mJHBP from A. aegypti.

Jatropha macrantha Müll Arg. L is also known as “huanarpo macho” and used in the Peruvian traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac and erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical constituents in leaves and stems ethyl acetate fraction (LEAF and SEAF) of J. macrantha and to compare the antioxidant activity and the ameliorative effect on ketamine-induced erectile dysfunction in rats. The phytochemical constituents were determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS, the total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids (TPC and TF) by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Experimental groups were divided as follows: I: negative control; II: positive control (ketamine at 50 mg/ kg/d); III: sildenafil 5 mg/kg; IV, V, VI: LEAF at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, and VII, VIII, IX: SEAF at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence mainly of coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes. TPC of LEAF and SEAF were 359 ± 5.21 mg GAE/g and 306 ± 1.93 mg GAE/g, respectively; TF in LEAF and SEAF were 23.7 ± 0.80 mg EQ/g, and 101 ± 1.42 mg EQ/g, respectively. The DPPH, ABTS, FRAP in SEAF were 647 ± 3.27; 668 ± 2.30; and 575 ± 2.86 μmol TE/g, respectively, whilst LEAF showed 796 ± 3.15; 679 ± 0.85; and 806 ± 3.42 μmol TE/g, respectively. Regarding sexual behavior, LEAF showed a better effect in mount frequency, intromission frequency, ejaculation frequency, mount latency, intromission latency, ejaculatory latency, and post ejaculatory latency than SEAF. As conclusion, LEAF of J. macrantha at 50 mg/kg showed a better effect on sexual behavior in male rats with erectile dysfunction than SEAF but not higher than sildenafil.

Quinoa has acquired a great interest due to its high content of nutrients and biomolecules that have nutritional and medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to compare the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids (TF), and the antioxidant capacity of 20 varieties of seeds and sprouts of quinoa extract. Quinoa seeds were germinated for 72 h and dried in an oven at 45 °C. The extracts were obtained by dynamic extraction using methanol. Phytochemical analysis with liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS), TPC, TF, and the antioxidant capacity was carried out and compared between both extracts. The TPC was determined with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent, TF with AlCl₃, and the antioxidant capacity was determined according to the DPPH and ABTS assays. Sprout extracts showed high values of TPC (31.28 ± 0.42 mg GAE/g; Pasankalla variety), TF (14.31 ± 0.50 mg EQ/g; black Coito variety), and antioxidant capacity (IC_{50 (DPPH)}: 12.69 ± 0.29 µg/mL and IC_{50 (ABTS):} 3.51 ± 0.04 µg/mL; Pasankalla). The extracts of the Pasankalla variety revealed 93 and 90 phytochemical constituents in the seeds and sprouts, respectively, such as amino acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, fatty acids, and triterpene saponins, among others. Quinoa sprouts showed a high content of TPC and TF, and high antioxidant capacity compared with seed extracts, especially the Pasankalla variety.