Peter G. Jenkins

Amphiphilic polymer conetworks (APCNs) are polymer networks composed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chain segments. Their applications range from soft contact lenses to membranes and biomaterials. APCNs based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and poly(2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate) are flexible and elastic in the dry and swollen state. However, they are not good at resisting deformation under load, i.e., their toughness is low. A bio‐inspired approach to reinforce APCNs is presented based on the incorporation of poly(β‐benzyl‐L‐aspartate) (PBLA) blocks between cross‐linking points and PDMS chain segments. The mechanical properties of the resulting peptide‐reinforced APCNs can be tailored by the secondary structure of the peptide chains (β‐sheets or a mixture of α‐helices and β‐sheets). Compared to non‐reinforced APCNs, the peptide‐reinforced networks have higher extensibility (53 vs. up to 341%), strength (0.71 ± 0.16 vs. 22.28 ± 2.81 MPa), and toughness (0.10 ± 0.04 vs. up to 4.85 ± 1.32 MJ m⁻³), as measured in their dry state. The PBLA peptides reversibly toughen and reinforce the APCNs, while other key material properties of APCNs are retained, such as optical transparency and swellability in water and organic solvents. This paves the way for applications of APCNs that benefit from significantly increased mechanical properties.

The microbond test was used to investigate the interface strength (IFSS) in various glass fibre-vinylester (VE) composite systems and a number of issues related to the sample preparation were identified. Cure schedules that produce well-reacted VE polymers on the macroscale did not result in cured microdroplets. Hence, the microbond test could not be carried out on samples with the same cure history as macroscale composites. Testable microdroplet samples could only be obtained when resin cure was carried out under an inert atmosphere. Higher IFSS values were obtained by raising the final temperature of the cure schedule. Glass fibres with a full sizing gave significantly higher apparent IFSS values comparedf to bare fibres or fibre coated with only silane coupling agent. It was discovered that the measured IFSS of VE compatible glass fibres was approximately doubled when fibres were mounted using epoxy glue instead of cyanoacrylate glue. This phenomenon appears to be related to the deposition of cyanoacrylate vapours onto the surface of the fibres during sample preparation. It is concluded that great care must be taken in ensuring that effects observed using the microbond test are evidence of real material characteristics and not artefacts of sample preparation. Graphical Abstract

The tensile strength of single water-sized E-glass fibres that were thermally conditioned, either in air or under vacuum, was investigated. The vacuum removed water from the conditioning atmosphere, as well as the fibre surfaces, at room temperature but retained tensile strength of fibres treated in the absence of water were not significantly different from those thermally conditioned in a standard air furnace. The results suggest that water, either in the treatment atmosphere or on the surface of the fibres, is not a significant factor in fundamental glass fibre strength loss at an elevated temperature. It may, therefore, be necessary to consider alternative theories to explain this strength loss.

A number of analytical techniques were applied to investigate changes to the surface of unsized boron-free E-glass fibres after thermal conditioning at temperatures up to 700 °C. Novel systematic studies were carried out to investigate the fundamental strength loss from thermal conditioning. Surface chemical changes studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed a consistent increase in the surface concentration of calcium with increasing conditioning temperature, although this did not correlate well with a loss of fibre strength. Scanning electron microscopy fractography confirmed the difficulty of analysing failure-inducing flaws on individual fibre fracture surfaces. Analysis by atomic force microscopy (AFM) did not reveal any likely surface cracks or flaws of significant dimensions to cause failure: the observation of cracks before fibre fracture may not be possible when using this technique. Fibre surface roughness increased over the whole range of the conditioning temperatures investigated. Although surface roughness did not correlate precisely with fibre strength, there was a clear inverse relationship at temperatures exceeding 400 °C. The interpretation of the surface topography that formed between 400–700 °C produced evidence that the initial stage of phase separation by spinodal decomposition may have occurred at the fibre surface.

The recovery and reuse of glass fibres from manufacturing waste and end-of-life composites in an environmentally-friendly, cost-effective manner is one of the most important challenges facing the thermosetting polymer composites industry. A number of processes for recycling fibres from such materials are available or under development. However, nearly all options deliver recycled glass fibres that are not cost-performance competitive due to the huge drop in strength of recycled glass fibre compared to its original state. A breakthrough in the regeneration of recycled glass fibre performance has the potential to totally transform the economics of recycling such composites. This paper reviews the available knowledge of the thermally-induced strength loss in glass fibres, discusses some of the phenomena that are potentially related and presents the status of research into processes to regenerate the strength and value of such weak recycled glass fibres.

The strength loss of glass fibres (GFs) following exposure to elevated temperatures is a long-established phenomenon, yet the mechanism or mechanisms responsible for the strength decrease are not fully understood, aside from acknowledgement that surface flaws must become more severe by some means. As disposal of GF-based composite materials by landfill has become untenable in many regions, interest in composite recyclability has increased. Separation of GFs from thermosetting polymers generally requires the use of high temperatures, which produces very weak fibres with minimal commercial value. In this context, an understanding of the strength loss mechanisms is of importance in terms of efforts to mitigate fibre damage or to recover the strength of previously heated fibres. In addition to fibre strength loss, numerous other physical and chemical changes to heat treated or recycled GF have been described in the literature. This review was chosen as a runner up of the 2016 Materials Literature Review Prize of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining, run by the Editorial Board of MST. Sponsorship of the prize by TWI Ltd is gratefully acknowledged.