Ankur Vaidya

Pim‐1, a carcinogenic threonine and serine kinase, inhibits apoptosis and advances the cell cycle. It is overexpressed in several human cancers. The proviral integration site of Moloney murine leukemia virus 1 is Pim‐1. Previous studies have shown that the Pim‐1 30‐UTR regulates the stability of Pim‐1 mRNA. Threonine and serine are identified as the proto‐oncogene Pim‐1 kinase. Pim‐1 mediates numerous biological processes, including apoptosis, cell division, proliferation, and cancer. Pim‐1‐mediated anticancer activity has been reported in several analogs of thiazole/ bis ‐thiazole, tetrazine, thiophenes, quinoline, pyrazolopyrimidine, 3‐cyanopyridine, thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione, thieno[2,3‐ b ]pyridine, triazolo[4,3‐ b ]pyridazine, pyrazolo[1,5‐ a ]pyrimidines, and pyrazolo[3,4‐ b ]pyridine derivatives. Additionally, flavonoids and amino alcohol compounds that constitute Pim‐1‐mediated cancer therapy have also been identified thus far. Many compounds with Pim‐1‐mediated cytotoxicity have been discovered up to this point, and scientists are currently concentrating on bringing novel compounds with anticancer potential to the market.

As the first member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family, epidermal growth factor (EGFR) has been linked to human cancers through numerous lines of evidence. Research on EGFR has also led to the development of several key theories regarding cancer progression. Through a vast array of paracrine loops, each of which regulates a crucial stage in the metastasis cascade, EGFR not only maintains cell proliferation but also confers resistance to anti‐cancer cytotoxic treatments. To identify EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), simulation studies have been used to produce several small molecules, especially those containing quinazolines. The design process also evaluated the emergence of resistance problems and epigenetic changes, which eventually reduced drug efficacy and made it clear that more study in this field was required. The genetic changes taking place in the EGFR tyrosine kinase domain have been thoroughly studied in recent decades. These changes have made it possible to create highly effective inhibitors. The structure–activity relationship (SAR) and cytotoxic activity of several quinazoline derivatives with demonstrated EGFR‐inhibitory antiproliferative activity are highlighted in this review. In the present paper, we report the EGFR‐mediated anticancer potential of quinazoline derivatives discovered after 2020.

Diabetic wounds remain chronically non-healing due to impaired angiogenesis, persistent inflammation, and defective extracellular matrix remodelling. In recent years, stem cell-derived exosomes have emerged as a potent cell-free regenerative strategy capable of recapitulating the therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stem cells while avoiding risks associated with direct cell transplantation. This review critically evaluates the preclinical evidence supporting the use of exosomes derived from adipose tissue, bone marrow, umbilical cord, and induced pluripotent stem cells for diabetic wound repair. These exosomes deliver bioactive cargos such as microRNAs, proteins, lipids, and cytokines that modulate key signalling pathways, including Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Protein kinase (PI3K/Akt), Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β/Smad), and Hypoxia inducible factor-1α/Vascular endothelial growth factor (HIF-1α/VEGF), thereby promoting angiogenesis, accelerating fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation, facilitating re-epithelialization, and restoring immune balance through M2 macrophage polarization. A central focus of this review is the recent advances in exosome-based delivery systems, including hydrogels, microneedles, 3D scaffolds, and decellularized extracellular matrix composites, which significantly enhance exosome stability, retention, and targeted release at wound sites. Comparative insights between stem cell therapy and exosome therapy highlight the superior safety, scalability, and regulatory advantages of exosome-based approaches. We also summarize progress in exosome engineering, manufacturing, quality control, and ongoing clinical investigations, along with challenges related to standardization, dosage, and translational readiness. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive mechanistic and translational framework that positions stem cell-derived exosomes as a next-generation, cell-free regenerative strategy with the potential to overcome current therapeutic limitations and redefine clinical management of diabetic wound healing.

Hygrophila differformis Blume is a traditional plant of scientific interest due to the reported wide range of secondary metabolites. Systematic phytochemical profiling of its solvent fractions is essential to map phytoconstituent distribution, identify bioactive markers, and guide focused pharmacological investigations. Sequential solvent extraction with hexane and ethyl acetate was performed, and the fractions were separated with silica‐gel column chromatography to ascertain numerous fractions. GC–MS of the hexane fractions showed that long‐chain aliphatic hydrocarbons and primary alcohols were the major phytochemicals. Squalene and phytol were terpenoid compounds in significant amounts, which could have some biological importance. Both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons and primary alcohols were enriched in the ethyl acetate fractions, and the formation of compounds like neophytadiene and cis, cis, cis‐7,10,13‐hexadecatrienal was only observed in these fractions. Both hexane and ethyl acetate extracts contained fatty acids (n‐hexadecanoic acid), but only ethyl acetate fractions contained linoleic acid and α ‐linolenic acid. A further indication of the pharmacological potential of the plant is the identification of stigmasterol (4.76%) as a marker phytosterol. The GC–MS profiling of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts revealed several bioactive phytochemical classes, which may serve as a chemical reference for future studies focusing on compound isolation, structural characterization, and biological evaluation of this relatively underexplored species.

β‐Carboline nucleus is therapeutically valuable in medicinal chemistry for the treatment of varied number of diseases, most importantly cancer. The potent and wide‐ranging activity of β‐carboline has established them as imperative pharmacological scaffolds especially in the cancer treatment. Numerous derivatives such as Tetrahydro β‐carbolines, metal complexed β‐carbolines, mono, di and tri substituted β‐carbolines have been reported to possess dynamic anticancer activity. These different substituted β‐carboline derivatives had shown different mechanism of action and plays important role in anticancer drug discovery and development. The review is an update of the chemistry of β‐carbolines, both synthetic and natural origin acting through various targets against cancerous cells. In addition to this, studies of multitarget molecules designed by coupling β‐carbolines along with other mechanisms for treatment of neoplasm are also summarized.

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are spherical vesicles composed of ionizable lipids that are neutral at physiological pH. Despite their benefits, unmodified LNP drug delivery systems have substantial drawbacks, including a lack of targeted selectivity, a short blood circulation period, and in vivo instability. lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles (LPHNPs) are the next generation of nanoparticles, having the combined benefits of polymeric nanoparticles and liposomes. LPHNPs are being prepared from both natural and synthetic polymers with various techniques, including one- or two-step methods, emulsification solvent evaporation (ESE) method, and the nanoprecipitation method. Varieties of LPHNPs, including monolithic hybrid nanoparticles, core–shell nanoparticles, hollow core–shell nanoparticles, biomimetic lipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticles, and polymer-caged liposomes, have been investigated for various drug delivery applications. However, core–shell nanoparticles having a polymeric core surrounded by a highly biocompatible lipid shell are the most commonly explored LPHNPs for the treatment of various diseases. In this review, we will shed light on the composition, methods of preparation, classification, surface functionalization, release mechanism, advantages and disadvantages, patents, and clinical trials of LPHNPs, with an emphasis on core–shell-structured LPHNPs.

β-carboline consists of a pyridine ring fused to an indole skeleton; it possesses numerous pharmacological activities, including anticancer. Previously, we reported a satisfactory 2D and 3D QSAR study on β-carboline derivatives. Based on QSAR studies, we designed, synthesized, characterized, and screened fourteen β-carboline derivatives for anticancer activity. Eleven of them demonstrated potent anticancer activity against both liver (HepG2) and adenocarcinoma (A549) cell lines. Compound 1-(N, N-dimethylbenzenamine)-3-(4-(p-tolylmethanimine)-5-thio-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl) β-carboline (9) was found to be most potent against both cancer cell lines and equipotent towards standard drug Adriamycin. Compounds 1-(p-tolyl)-3-(4-(p-(iminomethyl)-N, N-dimethylbenzenamine) -5-thio-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl) β-carboline (4) and 1-(N, N-dimethylbenzenamine)-3-(4-(m-tolylmethanimine)-5-thio-1, 2, 4-triazol-3-yl) β-carboline (10) were found to be 7 to 10 times less potent as compared to Adriamycin against the HepG2 cell line. Molecular docking was also performed with the Glide docking program to explore the binding mode between the synthesized β-carboline derivatives and the receptor CDK2 [1AQ1] protein.

Numerous plant isolates with therapeutic properties, such as antimicrobial, antiinflammatory, antiviral, antimalarial, antiarthritic (AA), hepatoprotective, cardiotonic, and so forth, are reported in the literature. Usually, medicinal plants are widely used, and assumed to be safe and cheaper alternatives to chemically synthesized drugs. However, they are not regulated for potency and purity, and thus care must be taken for their safe use. In this review, we aimed to compile all of the herbal isolates possessing AA properties, including alkaloids (montanine, 3-acetylaconitine, sanguinarine, jatrorrhizine hydrochloride, and piperine), terpenoids (eugenol, nimbolide, bartogenic acid, cannabidiol, and curcumin), and flavonoids (quercetin, resveratrol, kaempferol, chebulanin, ellagic acid, rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, and brazilin). These isolates act through numerous pharmacological mechanisms such as inhibiting cytokines, chemokines, or matrix metalloproteinase, etc., to demonstrate AA activity. Animal models utilized for assessing the AA properties of these isolates, including adjuvant-induced arthritis mouse models, are also discussed. Furthermore, nanotechnology-based approaches to deliver these isolates are also reviewed, which have shown improved therapeutic efficacy of isolated compounds.