Jihan Hussein

Chromatography is a process of separation that used to separate constituents in a mixture. This technique included two main phases: The stationary phase and the mobile phase. There are different types of chromatographic devices including gas chromatography, liquid chromatography, and ion exchange chromatography besides initial high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In this review we emphasis on the principles and applications of HPLC comparing with other devices of chromatography. Also we highlighted on the role of HPLC and its applications in different fields like medical, pharmaceutical, environmental and others.

Background: One of the most widely used insecticides, is alpha-cypermethrin (α-CYP). Excessive dependence on such insecticides leads to severe environmental pollution, negatively affecting human and animal health. Aim: The goal of the current investigation based on utilizing Cyperus rotundus tuber non-polar extract, to assist reducing the deleterious impact of α-CYP on liver tissues of male albino rats. Results: FT-IR analysis identified the most important active compounds present in the extract. While the active biochemical ones were confirmed by individualization and identification utilizing GC/MS. The results indicated that the most important active compounds in the hexane extract were oxygenated compounds,17-octadecynoic acid (60.51%) and 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester (6.54%) in addition to nitrogenated compounds, such as histidyl histidine (4.75 %). The results showed that the C. rotundus extract administration decreased liver enzymes; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Also, it increased antioxidant; glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme, decreased oxidant; malondialdehyde (MDA), and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, it decreased liver inflammatory markers; nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), adiponectin, and lipocalin. Conclusion: Results indicated that C. rotundus hexane extract exerts a potent protective effect against α-CYP-induced oxidative damage and inflammation in rats’ liver tissues.

The most common disease states of chronic liver illnesses include alcoholic liver disease (ALD), and viral hepatitis can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role of selenium-associated tumor management angiogenesis in liver fibrosis and inflammation is yet unknown. As a result, in this current study, cytotoxicity of selenium ( Se) was evaluated against hepatocellular carcinoma cells ( HepG2) to determine IC50 ( in vitro study) and we established a mouse model of Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma (EAC) to explore the role of selenium in the processing of tumor angiogenesis in liver injury and inflammation ( in vivo study). EAC cells was used to induce ascites tumor in albino mice and studied their consequence role on body weight gain and liver e. In EAC tumor-bearing mice, we discovered a substantial increase in body weight. Furthermore, mice with EAC tumors had higher levels of liver enzymes implicated in the etiology of liver inflammation, as well as biomarkers such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-), α fetoprotein (AFP), and caspase-3, Bcl2, and DNA damage.

Alzheimer's disease is the most commonly seen progressive neurodegenerative disorders in elderly populations that represent a major factor for the prevalence of dementia in the aged population worldwide. We aimed in this study to investigate the promising effect of crude cardamom oil, as a neuroprotective agent in rats suffering from Alzheimer’s disease. Cardamom essential oil (CEO) was extracted; analysis was carried out using a Hewlett-Packard coupled gas chromatography / mass spectrometry. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined. Forty albino male rats are randomized divided into four groups including normal control, Alzheimer's disease group and treated groups. Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were estimated after the experimental period and also brain neurotransmitters were estimated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using ultraviolet (UV) detector that set at 270 nm. The current results indicated that the mean value of tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α), amyloid precursor protein (APP) and amyloid beta (Aβ) were significantly increase due to the harmful effect of aluminum chloride (AlCl3) ,however these values were attenuated by cardamom essential oil and these effect was attributed to the high contents of alpha-terpinyl acetate (50.24 %) and eucalyptol (39%); in addition to a high value of flavonoids) 4.52 g of catechins/100 g of oil). Conclusion: cardamom essential oil offers a new strategy for the treatment of experimental Alzheimer’s disease due to its high contents of anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds.

Olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is a first-line antihypertensive drug with low oral bioavailability (28.6%). This study aimed to develop oleogel formulations to decrease OLM side effects and boost its therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability. OLM oleogel formulations were composed of Tween 20, Aerosil 200, and lavender oil. A central composite response surface design chose the optimized formulation, containing Oil/Surfactant (SAA) ratio of 1:1 and Aerosil % of 10.55%, after showing the lowest firmness and compressibility, and the highest viscosity, adhesiveness, and bioadhesive properties (Fmax and Wad). The optimized oleogel increased OLM release by 4.21 and 4.97 folds than the drug suspension and gel, respectively. The optimized oleogel formulation increased OLM permeation by 5.62 and 7.23 folds than the drug suspension and gel, respectively. The pharmacodynamic study revealed the superiority of the optimized formulation in maintaining normal blood pressure and heart rate for 24 h. The biochemical analysis revealed that the optimized oleogel achieved the best serum electrolyte balance profile, preventing OLM-induced tachycardia. The pharmacokinetic study showed that the optimized oleogel increased OLM’s bioavailability by more than 4.5- and 2.5-folds compared to the standard gel and the oral market tablet, respectively. These results confirmed the success of oleogel formulations in the transdermal delivery of OLM.

Diabetes is connected with diminished wound healing, that makes patients liable to continuing difficult wounds. Metal nanomaterials as single conjugates have established to keep possible properties of wound when metal nanoparticles are coupled with other wound covering materials. This study aimed to investigate a possible role of cotton fabrics full with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to enhance wound healing in diabetic model induced by streptozotocin (STZ).Animals were classified into four groups including the wounded group that were equivalently covered with sterile dressing that made of cotton fabric which had been saturated with different concentrations of silver nanoparticles, and the control group that was preserved with only cotton covering without any treatment (blank group); percent of wound contraction in different studied groups was estimated. Plasma nitric oxide (NO), malodialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) were measured. Serum neutrophil elastase and nuclear factor kappa b (NF-κb) were assayed by ELISA. Homocystiene (Hcy) was estimated by HPLC. Our results revealed an elevation in wound area, MDA, NF-κb, Hcy, and elastase in the wound group compared to treated groups concomitant with a decrease in plasma nitric oxide and reduced glutathione activities, while treatment with AgNPs significantly ameliorated these parameters in treated group compared to blank group. AgNPs showed high wound contraction rates according to their used concentration .In conclusion; AgNPs have gained considerable attention amongst researchers in wound healing applications, owing to their physicochemical and biological properties. AgNPs promote wound healing and effectively control the growth of microorganisms at the wound site, and this strategy plays an important role in the treatment of wounds.

The brain is the most complex and important organ that control all the body functions. Quantity and quality of fat consumed play an important role in maintaining brain health, thus affect brain functions. The aim of this study was to assess the harmful effect of high intake of unhealthy source of fat as well as to detect the role of healthy oils on brain functions from chemical and histological point of view. This study was conducted on (56) adult male rats divided into two major groups : the first was normal diet group ND ( fed normal diet )that include 4 subgroups(7 rats in each group) the first served as control with corn oil as fat source while in the other (3) groups corn oil was substituted by sesame, flaxseed and chia oils. The second major group was high fat diet group divided into 4 subgroups fed high fat diet HFD (13% oil + 7% vegetable shortening). In high fat control group oil used was corn oil while in the remaining (3) groups corn oil was substituted by sesame, flaxseed and chia oils. After 6 weeks brain was separated for biochemical analysis of neurotransmitters and oxidative stress. Samples were also prepared for histological examination .In addition, Chemical analysis and sensory evaluation were conducted for the .experimental oils . Our results revealed that diet rich in corn oil and vegetable shortening (rich in high saturated fatty acid) caused disturbances in both neurotransmitters and oxidative stress. Damage was also detected in histological sections from brain cortex. It is worthy to mention that using sesame, flaxseed and chia oils instead of corn oil had a protective effect on brain. In addition, those oils were highly acceptable in our products. It could be concluded that adding those healthy oils to daily meals could have a protective effect on brain injury.

Nephrotoxicity is a prominent cause of global of injury and mortality. The aim here is to investigate the therapeutic role of selenium in treatment of cisplatin-induced experimental nephropathy. Animals were classified into four groups including cisplatin group in which animals were injected (intraperitoneal) with a single dose of cisplatin, while treated group in which rats injected with cisplatin and then received selenium (0.5 mg /k.g.b.w. / day) orally for ten days , control group , and selenium group in which healthy rats received selenium in a dose of 0.5 mg /k.g.b.w. / day , orally for ten days .After the experimental period, samples (blood and kidney tissues) were collected from each rat to estimate different biochemical and histological parameters using different techniques. Cisplatin significantly increased serum creatinine and urea comparing to control. However, reduction in catalase antioxidant enzyme was recorded in nephrotoxic rats, while marked increase in lipid peroxide (MDA), Advanced Oxidant Protein Product (AOPP), interleukin-1β(IL-1β), ceramide, tumor necrosis factor –α (TNF–α), metalloproteinase -9 (MMP-9)and homocysteine (Hcy) levels was detected as compared to control. Histopathological investigation revealed necrobiotic changes and deterioration in the lining tubular epithelium and tubular cystic dilatation at the cortex and inflammatory cells between the degenerated tubules. Treatment with selenium showed improvement in histopathological picture and corrective effects in all biomarkers under investigation. Nephrotoxicity induced by csplatin in rats is associated with remarkable elevation of oxidative stress, inflammatory markers, and renal histopathological lesions. While, the therapeutic effect of selenium (Se) may be attributed to` the alleviation of ROS-mediated apoptosis. These current results indicated that Se may be offer a promising dietary supplement against nephrotoxicity.