Karthik Ram Ramakrishnan
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Previous Organizations / Institutes
The organizations / institutes from the scholar's other articles in the past ten years
Research Subjects
Karthik Ram Ramakrishnan has a total of 71 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
Krishna Shankar
School of Engineering and Information Technology, University of New South Wales, Canberra ACT, Australia
5 shared publications- Ian Hamerton
University of Bristol
3 shared publications - Krishna Shankar
School of Engineering and Information Technology, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
3 shared publications - Mikko Kanerva
Tampere University
3 shared publications Philippe Viot
Arts et Métiers Paristech, I2M, CNRS UMR 5295, Talence, France
3 shared publications- Sandra Guérard
Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, I2M, UMR 5295, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
3 shared publications
Latest Publications
- Open Access
- 5 October 2026
- Published by Elsevier in Composites Part B: Engineering
- Vol. 330
Cryogenic microcrack mitigation and hydrogen permeability in a carbon fibre composite with a hybrid epoxy matrix
- 5 October 2026
- Published by Elsevier in Composites Part B: Engineering
- Vol. 330
Open AccessCryogenic microcrack mitigation and hydrogen permeability in a carbon fibre composite with a hybrid epoxy matrix
- 17 June 2026
- Published by Cassyni
Natural fibre micro wind turbine blades for urban environment
The growing demand for sustainable energy technologies has intensified the need for environmentally friendly materials in wind turbine blade manufacturing. Conventional blades are predominantly fabricated from glass and carbon fibre-reinforced composites, which offer excellent mechanical performance but present significant challenges related to energy-intensive production, recyclability, and end-of-life disposal. Natural fibres such as flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, and bamboo have emerged as promising alternatives due to their low density, renewability, biodegradability, and reduced carbon footprint. This study investigates the design and development of wind turbine blade demonstrator made of natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites and recycled polymer foam core for a 1kW micro wind turbine. Numerical and experimental approaches are discussed to assess the structural performance of natural fibre composite blades under aerodynamic and operational loading conditions. The findings indicate that although challenges remain regarding durability and long-term reliability, advances in material engineering and composite processing are enhancing the viability of natural fibre composites in wind and other structural applications.
- 17 June 2026
- Published by Cassyni
Natural fibre micro wind turbine blades for urban environment
The growing demand for sustainable energy technologies has intensified the need for environmentally friendly materials in wind turbine blade manufacturing. Conventional blades are predominantly fabricated from glass and carbon fibre-reinforced composites, which offer excellent mechanical performance but present significant challenges related to energy-intensive production, recyclability, and end-of-life disposal. Natural fibres such as flax, hemp, jute, kenaf, and bamboo have emerged as promising alternatives due to their low density, renewability, biodegradability, and reduced carbon footprint. This study investigates the design and development of wind turbine blade demonstrator made of natural fibre-reinforced polymer composites and recycled polymer foam core for a 1kW micro wind turbine. Numerical and experimental approaches are discussed to assess the structural performance of natural fibre composite blades under aerodynamic and operational loading conditions. The findings indicate that although challenges remain regarding durability and long-term reliability, advances in material engineering and composite processing are enhancing the viability of natural fibre composites in wind and other structural applications.
- 31 March 2026
- Published by Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur
Impact behaviour of sandwich structures with nanoparticle reinforced composite face sheets
Analyse des structures en sandwich de type panneaux composites renforcés en nanoparticules soumises à un impact mécanique: Les structures sandwich sont des structures légères composées de deux peaux superficielles minces, relativement denses, à haute résistance qui sont collées de part et d'autre d'une âme, épaisse, de faible densité telle que les mousses ou nids d'abeilles. Les matériaux sandwich à peau composite renforcée de fibres plastiques et à cœur en matériaux polymère représentent aujourd'hui une classe importante des matériaux structuraux légers dans de nombreux domaines de l'ingénierie tels que l'aéronautique et l'aérospatiale, l'automobile et les structures marines. Toutefois, certaines de ces structures sandwich ont des capacités d'absorption d'énergie très limitées. Cette limitation devient critique lorsque ces structures sont susceptibles d'être soumises à un impact. L'endommagement par impact dans le cas de structures sandwich peut être dû, notamment, à des chutes d'outils, des vols de débris sur piste d'atterrissage, des chocs à oiseaux, des averses de grêles ou des impacts balistiques.Les résines utilisées en tant que matrice dans le cas des sandwiches à peaux en composites stratifiés sont généralement des résines thermodurcissables comme les résines époxy. En raison de la nature fragile de la matrice, même la présence d'un léger délaminage interne se propage essentiellement à angle droit par rapport à la contrainte de compression appliquée ayant alors des résultats désastreux pour la structure sandwich. Une des solutions proposées est alors la modification des résines thermodurcissables avec l'ajout de particules organiques et inorganiques de taille nanométrique. Une nouvelle méthode de synthèse de copolymères par blocs qui s'auto-assemblent à l'échelle nanométrique permettrait de réduire sensiblement les problèmes liés à la dispersion des nanoparticules.L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier et de mieux comprendre l'amélioration de la résistance à l'impact des panneaux sandwich à peau en stratifiés composites grâce à l'ajout de copolymère tribloc (Nanostrength®) dans la matrice Epoxy du composite Fibres/Epoxy. L'effet des nanoparticules sur les performances mécaniques des panneaux sandwich à peau Kevlar/Epoxy ou Verre/Epoxy et âme en mousse Rohacell® sera investigué : pour cela une comparaison des résultats entre résine pure et résine modifiée par l'ajout de 10% de Nanostrength sera effectuée en utilisant des essais expérimentaux et une modélisation numérique. Ce travail portera sur deux types de chargement d'impact différents ; des impacts à faible vitesse dont l'angle d'incidence est normal à la surface de l'échantillon et des impacts à faible vitesse et à trajectoire parabolique. Un dispositif d'impact tridimensionnel adossé à un hexapode de mouvement a été développé pour étudier la réponse mécanique d'un panneau sandwich soumis à une trajectoire parabolique.La méthode des éléments finis est un moyen largement usité pour étudier l'impact sur les structures et notamment les structures sandwich. Un modèle LS-Dyna a été développé pour la simulation de l'impact normal sur plaque de composites stratifiés et sur plaques sandwich Kevlar/Epoxy – mousse Rohacell®. Une loi de comportement basée sur la mécanique de l'endommagement, disponible dans la bibliothèque de modèles matériaux proposés par LS-Dyna et dénommé « Laminated Composite Fabric » (MAT58) a été utilisée pour représenter le comportement des plaques composites. Les paramètres d'entrée du modèle MAT58 ont été obtenus par combinaison d'essais et études paramétriques. Le modèle « CRUSHABLE FOAM » (MAT63) a été utilisé pour le cœur. Le modèle macroscopique avec une loi de comportement phénoménologique est capable de simuler la réponse macroscopique de composites stratifiés et plaques sandwich soumis à des impacts de faible vitesse.On peut souligner que le développement de panneaux sandwich à matrice renforcée de copolymère tribloc est un domaine prometteur de l'étude.
- 31 March 2026
- Published by Agence Bibliographique de l'Enseignement Supérieur
Impact behaviour of sandwich structures with nanoparticle reinforced composite face sheets
Analyse des structures en sandwich de type panneaux composites renforcés en nanoparticules soumises à un impact mécanique: Les structures sandwich sont des structures légères composées de deux peaux superficielles minces, relativement denses, à haute résistance qui sont collées de part et d'autre d'une âme, épaisse, de faible densité telle que les mousses ou nids d'abeilles. Les matériaux sandwich à peau composite renforcée de fibres plastiques et à cœur en matériaux polymère représentent aujourd'hui une classe importante des matériaux structuraux légers dans de nombreux domaines de l'ingénierie tels que l'aéronautique et l'aérospatiale, l'automobile et les structures marines. Toutefois, certaines de ces structures sandwich ont des capacités d'absorption d'énergie très limitées. Cette limitation devient critique lorsque ces structures sont susceptibles d'être soumises à un impact. L'endommagement par impact dans le cas de structures sandwich peut être dû, notamment, à des chutes d'outils, des vols de débris sur piste d'atterrissage, des chocs à oiseaux, des averses de grêles ou des impacts balistiques.Les résines utilisées en tant que matrice dans le cas des sandwiches à peaux en composites stratifiés sont généralement des résines thermodurcissables comme les résines époxy. En raison de la nature fragile de la matrice, même la présence d'un léger délaminage interne se propage essentiellement à angle droit par rapport à la contrainte de compression appliquée ayant alors des résultats désastreux pour la structure sandwich. Une des solutions proposées est alors la modification des résines thermodurcissables avec l'ajout de particules organiques et inorganiques de taille nanométrique. Une nouvelle méthode de synthèse de copolymères par blocs qui s'auto-assemblent à l'échelle nanométrique permettrait de réduire sensiblement les problèmes liés à la dispersion des nanoparticules.L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier et de mieux comprendre l'amélioration de la résistance à l'impact des panneaux sandwich à peau en stratifiés composites grâce à l'ajout de copolymère tribloc (Nanostrength®) dans la matrice Epoxy du composite Fibres/Epoxy. L'effet des nanoparticules sur les performances mécaniques des panneaux sandwich à peau Kevlar/Epoxy ou Verre/Epoxy et âme en mousse Rohacell® sera investigué : pour cela une comparaison des résultats entre résine pure et résine modifiée par l'ajout de 10% de Nanostrength sera effectuée en utilisant des essais expérimentaux et une modélisation numérique. Ce travail portera sur deux types de chargement d'impact différents ; des impacts à faible vitesse dont l'angle d'incidence est normal à la surface de l'échantillon et des impacts à faible vitesse et à trajectoire parabolique. Un dispositif d'impact tridimensionnel adossé à un hexapode de mouvement a été développé pour étudier la réponse mécanique d'un panneau sandwich soumis à une trajectoire parabolique.La méthode des éléments finis est un moyen largement usité pour étudier l'impact sur les structures et notamment les structures sandwich. Un modèle LS-Dyna a été développé pour la simulation de l'impact normal sur plaque de composites stratifiés et sur plaques sandwich Kevlar/Epoxy – mousse Rohacell®. Une loi de comportement basée sur la mécanique de l'endommagement, disponible dans la bibliothèque de modèles matériaux proposés par LS-Dyna et dénommé « Laminated Composite Fabric » (MAT58) a été utilisée pour représenter le comportement des plaques composites. Les paramètres d'entrée du modèle MAT58 ont été obtenus par combinaison d'essais et études paramétriques. Le modèle « CRUSHABLE FOAM » (MAT63) a été utilisé pour le cœur. Le modèle macroscopique avec une loi de comportement phénoménologique est capable de simuler la réponse macroscopique de composites stratifiés et plaques sandwich soumis à des impacts de faible vitesse.On peut souligner que le développement de panneaux sandwich à matrice renforcée de copolymère tribloc est un domaine prometteur de l'étude.
- Open Access
- 28 February 2026
- Published by Elsevier in SSRN Electronic Journal
Fracture toughness of core-shell rubber modified epoxies at low and cryogenic temperatures: evaluating the influence of the glass transition temperature of the rubber core
Epoxy matrices intended for use at low and cryogenic temperatures are susceptible to embrittlement and cracking. To assess whether core-shell rubber (CSR) modification remains effective under these conditions, this study determines the glass transition temperatures of three commercial CSR cores by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and examines how fracture toughness evolves at temperatures positioned above, between, and below these transitions. CSR particles improve crack-propagation resistance at room temperature; however, their toughening efficiency declines with decreasing temperature, independent of core glass transition temperature. By −196 °C, fracture behaviour becomes largely determined by the epoxy matrix, with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirming suppression of cavitation and shear-driven toughening mechanisms. These results indicate that network constraints within the epoxy matrix, rather than rubber core mobility alone, control fracture performance at low and cryogenic-temperatures, and should be considered in the design of CSR-modified epoxies for extreme environments.
- 28 February 2026
- Published by Elsevier in SSRN Electronic Journal
Open AccessFracture toughness of core-shell rubber modified epoxies at low and cryogenic temperatures: evaluating the influence of the glass transition temperature of the rubber core
Epoxy matrices intended for use at low and cryogenic temperatures are susceptible to embrittlement and cracking. To assess whether core-shell rubber (CSR) modification remains effective under these conditions, this study determines the glass transition temperatures of three commercial CSR cores by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and examines how fracture toughness evolves at temperatures positioned above, between, and below these transitions. CSR particles improve crack-propagation resistance at room temperature; however, their toughening efficiency declines with decreasing temperature, independent of core glass transition temperature. By −196 °C, fracture behaviour becomes largely determined by the epoxy matrix, with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirming suppression of cavitation and shear-driven toughening mechanisms. These results indicate that network constraints within the epoxy matrix, rather than rubber core mobility alone, control fracture performance at low and cryogenic-temperatures, and should be considered in the design of CSR-modified epoxies for extreme environments.
- Open Access
- 31 July 2025
- Published by Elsevier in International Journal of Mechanical Sciences
- Vol. 304
Temperature effect on dynamic translaminar fracture of thermoplastic composites
- 31 July 2025
- Published by Elsevier in International Journal of Mechanical Sciences
- Vol. 304
Open AccessTemperature effect on dynamic translaminar fracture of thermoplastic composites
- Open Access
- 19 April 2025
- Published by Elsevier in Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
- Vol. 168, 107021
Dynamic response and energy absorption of spider orb-web in prey capture at oblique impact angle
- 19 April 2025
- Published by Elsevier in Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials
- Vol. 168, 107021
Open AccessDynamic response and energy absorption of spider orb-web in prey capture at oblique impact angle
- Open Access
- 20 November 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
- Vol. 8 (6) , 263
Build Orientation-Driven Anisotropic Fracture Behaviour in Polymer Parts Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion
Additive manufacturing (AM) enables fabricating intricate objects with complex geometries previously unattainable through conventional methods. This process encompasses various techniques, including powder bed fusion (PBF), such as selective laser sintering (SLS) and multi-jet fusion (MJF). These techniques involve selectively melting powdered polymer material, predominantly utilizing engineering thermoplastics layer by layer to create solid components. Although their mechanical properties have been extensively characterised, very few works have addressed the influence of additive manufacturing on fracture behaviour. In this context, we present our work demonstrating the presence of anisotropy in fracture behaviour due to the build orientation as well as the PBF methods. To evaluate this anisotropy, the fracture behaviour of polyamide 12 polymer manufactured by SLS and MJF were investigated with experiments and numerical modelling of Mode I compact tension (CT) specimens. Experiments were monitored by digital image correlation (DIC) and infra-red thermography (IRT). Additionally, the fractured surfaces are analysed using scanning electron microscopy. Comparative analyses between SLS and MJF technologies unveiled dissimilar trends in mechanical strength, build-orientation effects, and fracture properties.
- 20 November 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
- Vol. 8 (6) , 263
Open AccessBuild Orientation-Driven Anisotropic Fracture Behaviour in Polymer Parts Fabricated by Powder Bed Fusion
Additive manufacturing (AM) enables fabricating intricate objects with complex geometries previously unattainable through conventional methods. This process encompasses various techniques, including powder bed fusion (PBF), such as selective laser sintering (SLS) and multi-jet fusion (MJF). These techniques involve selectively melting powdered polymer material, predominantly utilizing engineering thermoplastics layer by layer to create solid components. Although their mechanical properties have been extensively characterised, very few works have addressed the influence of additive manufacturing on fracture behaviour. In this context, we present our work demonstrating the presence of anisotropy in fracture behaviour due to the build orientation as well as the PBF methods. To evaluate this anisotropy, the fracture behaviour of polyamide 12 polymer manufactured by SLS and MJF were investigated with experiments and numerical modelling of Mode I compact tension (CT) specimens. Experiments were monitored by digital image correlation (DIC) and infra-red thermography (IRT). Additionally, the fractured surfaces are analysed using scanning electron microscopy. Comparative analyses between SLS and MJF technologies unveiled dissimilar trends in mechanical strength, build-orientation effects, and fracture properties.
- Open Access
- 12 August 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Journal of Composites Science
- Vol. 8 (8) , 318
A Review on the Modelling of Aligned Discontinuous Fibre Composites
Aligned discontinuous fibre-reinforced composites are becoming more popular because they have the potential to offer stiffness and strength comparable to their continuous counterparts along with better manufacturability. However, the modelling of highly aligned discontinuous fibre composites is still in its infancy. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature to understand how modelling techniques have developed and consider whether all aspects which could affect the performance of aligned discontinuous fibre composites have been addressed. Here, for the first time, a broad view of the advantages, perspectives, and limitations of current approaches to modelling the performance and behaviour of aligned discontinuous fibre composites during alignment, forming, and mechanical loading is provided in one place as a route to design optimisation.
- 12 August 2024
- Published by MDPI AG in Journal of Composites Science
- Vol. 8 (8) , 318
Open AccessA Review on the Modelling of Aligned Discontinuous Fibre Composites
Aligned discontinuous fibre-reinforced composites are becoming more popular because they have the potential to offer stiffness and strength comparable to their continuous counterparts along with better manufacturability. However, the modelling of highly aligned discontinuous fibre composites is still in its infancy. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature to understand how modelling techniques have developed and consider whether all aspects which could affect the performance of aligned discontinuous fibre composites have been addressed. Here, for the first time, a broad view of the advantages, perspectives, and limitations of current approaches to modelling the performance and behaviour of aligned discontinuous fibre composites during alignment, forming, and mechanical loading is provided in one place as a route to design optimisation.
- 18 November 2022
- Published by Wiley in Journal of Applied Mechanics
- Vol. 90 (2) , 1-34
Influence of Strain History on Dynamic Strain Localization and Stress State During High-Rate Tensile Loading of Titanium Alloys: Experiments, Modeling, and Analytical Methods
The determination of the mechanical response of engineering materials subjected to high loading rates plays an important role in determining their performance and application. The high strain-rate tensile response of metals is usually investigated by means of the split-Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) apparatus. The interpretation of the obtained results is, however, subjected to analogous stress and strain uniformity challenges present during quasi-static tensile experiments. Beyond the onset of necking, strains cease to be uniform along the gauge length and localize around the necking zone. Consequently, the nominal strain rate underestimates the effective strain rate experienced by the material. The analysis of the effective strain rate and stress state beyond the onset of necking has received considerable attention in the literature. Several research efforts have focused on the optimization of the geometry of specimens to be employed for the characterization of the dynamic tensile response using the SHTB. The present work investigates, systematically, the effects of strain history and adiabatic heating on the stress state during dynamic loading. A series of monotonic and various strain history experiments were conducted and analyzed. The diameter evolution, effective strain rate, and temperature histories were measured for all conducted experiments. Numerical simulations were carried out to examine the stress state during strain localization and to accurately reproduce engineering and local thermos-mechanical variables. The effectiveness of existing postnecking corrections for high-rate experiments is assessed. A modified postnecking correlation taking into account the effects of adiabatically induced thermal softening is proposed.
- 18 November 2022
- Published by Wiley in Journal of Applied Mechanics
- Vol. 90 (2) , 1-34
Influence of Strain History on Dynamic Strain Localization and Stress State During High-Rate Tensile Loading of Titanium Alloys: Experiments, Modeling, and Analytical Methods
The determination of the mechanical response of engineering materials subjected to high loading rates plays an important role in determining their performance and application. The high strain-rate tensile response of metals is usually investigated by means of the split-Hopkinson tension bar (SHTB) apparatus. The interpretation of the obtained results is, however, subjected to analogous stress and strain uniformity challenges present during quasi-static tensile experiments. Beyond the onset of necking, strains cease to be uniform along the gauge length and localize around the necking zone. Consequently, the nominal strain rate underestimates the effective strain rate experienced by the material. The analysis of the effective strain rate and stress state beyond the onset of necking has received considerable attention in the literature. Several research efforts have focused on the optimization of the geometry of specimens to be employed for the characterization of the dynamic tensile response using the SHTB. The present work investigates, systematically, the effects of strain history and adiabatic heating on the stress state during dynamic loading. A series of monotonic and various strain history experiments were conducted and analyzed. The diameter evolution, effective strain rate, and temperature histories were measured for all conducted experiments. Numerical simulations were carried out to examine the stress state during strain localization and to accurately reproduce engineering and local thermos-mechanical variables. The effectiveness of existing postnecking corrections for high-rate experiments is assessed. A modified postnecking correlation taking into account the effects of adiabatically induced thermal softening is proposed.