Bernd Sauer
Current Organizations / Institutes
The organizations/institutes from the scholar's latest article
Research Subjects
Research Interests
Bernd Sauer has a total of 152 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Balázs Magyar
Lehrstuhl für Maschinenelemente und Getriebetechnik, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Deutschland
8 shared publications - Oliver Koch
Chair of Machine Elements, Gears and Tribology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
8 shared publications - Stefan Thielen
Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics (ITWM), Fraunhoferplatz 1, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
8 shared publications - Manuel Oehler
Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
6 shared publications - Lionel Simo Kamga
Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau Chair of Machine Elements, Gears and Tribology (MEGT) Gottlieb-Daimler-Straße, Building 42, 67663 Kaiserslautern , Germany
4 shared publications - Simon Graf
Machine Elements, Gears and Tribology (MEGT), RPTU University Kaiserslautern-Landau
4 shared publications
Latest Publications
- Open Access
- 1 February 2024
- Published by Elsevier in Tribology International
- Vol. 193
Basic experimental and numerical investigations to improve the modeling of the electrical capacitance of rolling bearings
- 1 February 2024
- Published by Elsevier in Tribology International
- Vol. 193
Open AccessBasic experimental and numerical investigations to improve the modeling of the electrical capacitance of rolling bearings
- 14 September 2023
- Published by ASME International in Journal of Tribology
- Vol. 145 (12) , 1-32
Influence of PTFE-Based Dry Lubricants on Friction and Wear Behavior in Dry Lubricated Steel–Bronze Contact
In this article, solid lubricants are investigated to examine their tribological performance in a dry lubricated steel–bronze contact. The examined solid lubricants are made of polyamide (PA) and irradiated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which are chemically bonded by reactive melt extrusion. For the tribological investigations, a block-twin-disc test rig, on the one hand, and a three-disc test rig, on the other hand, were used under ambient conditions, where the solid lubricant for lubricating the steel–bronze contact was released from a block or a disc. Results from the tribological investigations are presented here, showing the friction and wear behavior in a steel–bronze contact depending on the slide-to-roll ratio in the contact between the steel disc and the compound body. Furthermore, surface analytical investigations on the steel and bronze discs were carried out. These studies showed that the chemical bonding of 20 wt% of irradiated PTFE in PA12 improves the wear and friction behavior in steel–bronze contact significantly, due to the buildup of a transfer film of PTFE on the steel surface.
- 14 September 2023
- Published by ASME International in Journal of Tribology
- Vol. 145 (12) , 1-32
Influence of PTFE-Based Dry Lubricants on Friction and Wear Behavior in Dry Lubricated Steel–Bronze Contact
In this article, solid lubricants are investigated to examine their tribological performance in a dry lubricated steel–bronze contact. The examined solid lubricants are made of polyamide (PA) and irradiated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), which are chemically bonded by reactive melt extrusion. For the tribological investigations, a block-twin-disc test rig, on the one hand, and a three-disc test rig, on the other hand, were used under ambient conditions, where the solid lubricant for lubricating the steel–bronze contact was released from a block or a disc. Results from the tribological investigations are presented here, showing the friction and wear behavior in a steel–bronze contact depending on the slide-to-roll ratio in the contact between the steel disc and the compound body. Furthermore, surface analytical investigations on the steel and bronze discs were carried out. These studies showed that the chemical bonding of 20 wt% of irradiated PTFE in PA12 improves the wear and friction behavior in steel–bronze contact significantly, due to the buildup of a transfer film of PTFE on the steel surface.
- Open Access
- 18 May 2023
- Published by Elsevier in Tribology International
- Vol. 186
Radial shaft seals: How ageing in oil and hyper-viscoelasticity affect the radial force and the numerically predicted wear
- 18 May 2023
- Published by Elsevier in Tribology International
- Vol. 186
Open AccessRadial shaft seals: How ageing in oil and hyper-viscoelasticity affect the radial force and the numerically predicted wear
- Open Access
- 16 May 2023
- Published by Springer Nature in Forschung im Ingenieurwesen
- Vol. 87 (2) , 723-738
Multiskaliger Ansatz zur Lebensdauerabschätzung von Wälzlagern mit Hilfe des lokalen Ermüdungsmodells nach Fatemi-Socie
Zusammenfassung: Ein multiskaliger Ansatz zur Lebensdauerabschätzung von Wälzlagern wird vorgestellt und auf Innenringe von Zylinderrollenlagern des Typs NU 1006 angewendet. Aus einer Systemmodellierung auf der Makroebene werden die im Wälzkontakt wirkenden Kräfte bestimmt. Die mikroskaligen Kontaktsimulationen erfolgen in einem Halbraum-Kontaktmodell. Die Spannungen auf dem Innenring werden unter Berücksichtigung der plastischen Deformationen bestimmt und in den lokalen Ermüdungsansatz nach Fatemi-Socie zur Lebensdauerabschätzung eingesetzt. Drei Lastfälle: 3,8, 3,5 und 2,5 GPa als maximale Pressung im Kontakt Wälzkörper-Innenring werden dabei simulativ untersucht. Die simulierten und experimentell ermittelten Eigenspannungen und Ermüdungslebensdauern zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung.
- 16 May 2023
- Published by Springer Nature in Forschung im Ingenieurwesen
- Vol. 87 (2) , 723-738
Open AccessMultiskaliger Ansatz zur Lebensdauerabschätzung von Wälzlagern mit Hilfe des lokalen Ermüdungsmodells nach Fatemi-Socie
Zusammenfassung: Ein multiskaliger Ansatz zur Lebensdauerabschätzung von Wälzlagern wird vorgestellt und auf Innenringe von Zylinderrollenlagern des Typs NU 1006 angewendet. Aus einer Systemmodellierung auf der Makroebene werden die im Wälzkontakt wirkenden Kräfte bestimmt. Die mikroskaligen Kontaktsimulationen erfolgen in einem Halbraum-Kontaktmodell. Die Spannungen auf dem Innenring werden unter Berücksichtigung der plastischen Deformationen bestimmt und in den lokalen Ermüdungsansatz nach Fatemi-Socie zur Lebensdauerabschätzung eingesetzt. Drei Lastfälle: 3,8, 3,5 und 2,5 GPa als maximale Pressung im Kontakt Wälzkörper-Innenring werden dabei simulativ untersucht. Die simulierten und experimentell ermittelten Eigenspannungen und Ermüdungslebensdauern zeigen eine gute Übereinstimmung.
- 17 April 2023
- Published by Taylor & Francis in Tribology Transactions
- Vol. 66 (3) , 488-496
Breakdown voltages in thrust bearings: Behavior and Measurement
This paper investigates breakdown characteristics in the bearings of variable speed electric drive trains. The analyses reveal that breakdown phenomena previously known from high-voltage technology appear to also occur in the bearing contact, though at significantly lower voltages. By loading the bearing with AC voltage of different frequencies at various mechanical load points, five states, which range from partial discharge through arc discharge to a completely conductive channel, emerge. Consistent with the concept that the magnitude of the breakdown voltage depends on the lubricant film height, the contact force, and the frequency of the AC voltage, a thicker lubricant film results in a higher breakdown voltage, analogously to a capacitor with a larger plate spacing, which requires a higher potential difference to be punctured. Furthermore, the sinusoidal frequency of the AC load correlates with the breakdown voltage. The breakdown tends to occur earlier at low frequencies, which is illustrated by the fact that at low frequencies, capacitive behaviour can only be observed at higher speeds, i.e., at a larger lubrication gap, while no voltage can be built up over the bearing at lower speeds. An increase of the contact force for the same lubricant film height lowers the breakdown voltages. The reduction of the breakdown voltage by the contact force may result from an increase of the relative permittivity of the lubricant with higher pressure and likewise of the contact area; the increased area may also increase the number of surface-roughness peaks where an increase in the electric field occurs.
- 17 April 2023
- Published by Taylor & Francis in Tribology Transactions
- Vol. 66 (3) , 488-496
Breakdown voltages in thrust bearings: Behavior and Measurement
This paper investigates breakdown characteristics in the bearings of variable speed electric drive trains. The analyses reveal that breakdown phenomena previously known from high-voltage technology appear to also occur in the bearing contact, though at significantly lower voltages. By loading the bearing with AC voltage of different frequencies at various mechanical load points, five states, which range from partial discharge through arc discharge to a completely conductive channel, emerge. Consistent with the concept that the magnitude of the breakdown voltage depends on the lubricant film height, the contact force, and the frequency of the AC voltage, a thicker lubricant film results in a higher breakdown voltage, analogously to a capacitor with a larger plate spacing, which requires a higher potential difference to be punctured. Furthermore, the sinusoidal frequency of the AC load correlates with the breakdown voltage. The breakdown tends to occur earlier at low frequencies, which is illustrated by the fact that at low frequencies, capacitive behaviour can only be observed at higher speeds, i.e., at a larger lubrication gap, while no voltage can be built up over the bearing at lower speeds. An increase of the contact force for the same lubricant film height lowers the breakdown voltages. The reduction of the breakdown voltage by the contact force may result from an increase of the relative permittivity of the lubricant with higher pressure and likewise of the contact area; the increased area may also increase the number of surface-roughness peaks where an increase in the electric field occurs.
- Open Access
- 13 March 2023
- Published by MDPI AG in Lubricants
- Vol. 11 (3) , 133
Study of the Plastic Behavior of Rough Bearing Surfaces Using a Half-Space Contact Model and the Fatigue Life Estimation According to the Fatemi–Socie Model
A multiscale approach for the fatigue life estimation of rolling bearings is presented in this paper and applied to inner rings of cylindrical roller bearings of the type NU208. The forces acting in the rolling contact are determined from system-oriented modeling at the macro level. The microscale contact simulations are carried out in a half-space contact model. The stresses on the inner ring are determined and used in the local fatigue approach, according to Fatemi–Socie, for fatigue life estimation. Four surface variants were investigated, one ideally smooth surface and three real (rough) surfaces. The three rough surface variants used different finishing processes: fine ground, hard turned, and rough ground were produced. A load case with a maximum pressure of 2.4 GPa in the roller-inner ring contact was investigated. In addition to the fatigue life estimation, the plasticity behavior (surface topography, resulting contact pressure, and residual stress) of the three manufactured surfaces stood in the focus of the work. As the comparison between experimental and simulated results confirms, good predictions can be made with the simulation model.
- 13 March 2023
- Published by MDPI AG in Lubricants
- Vol. 11 (3) , 133
Open AccessStudy of the Plastic Behavior of Rough Bearing Surfaces Using a Half-Space Contact Model and the Fatigue Life Estimation According to the Fatemi–Socie Model
A multiscale approach for the fatigue life estimation of rolling bearings is presented in this paper and applied to inner rings of cylindrical roller bearings of the type NU208. The forces acting in the rolling contact are determined from system-oriented modeling at the macro level. The microscale contact simulations are carried out in a half-space contact model. The stresses on the inner ring are determined and used in the local fatigue approach, according to Fatemi–Socie, for fatigue life estimation. Four surface variants were investigated, one ideally smooth surface and three real (rough) surfaces. The three rough surface variants used different finishing processes: fine ground, hard turned, and rough ground were produced. A load case with a maximum pressure of 2.4 GPa in the roller-inner ring contact was investigated. In addition to the fatigue life estimation, the plasticity behavior (surface topography, resulting contact pressure, and residual stress) of the three manufactured surfaces stood in the focus of the work. As the comparison between experimental and simulated results confirms, good predictions can be made with the simulation model.
- Open Access
- 31 January 2023
- Published by Springer Nature in Forschung im Ingenieurwesen
- Vol. 87 (2) , 655-671
Characterisation of the conveying effect of turned radial shaft seal counter-surfaces using a simplified hydrodynamic simulation model
A typical sealing system for rotating shafts consists of the radial shaft sealing ring (RSS), the lubricant and the shaft counter-surface (SCS) of the rotating shaft. The properties of the machined surface of the SCS have an impact on the sealing system. The structural pattern of the SCS influences the lubricant flow along the axial direction. In this paper, a simplified micro scale hydrodynamic simulation model is presented in order to study and determine the axial flow of the lubricant induced by the SCS of the sealing system, isolated from the effects induced by the seal, to allow for a rating of the shaft surface. The influence of the seal was neglected to allow for a simplified simulation. Simulated shaft surfaces corresponding to different machining parameters of machined SCS are used as input. These variants of SCS were created using a kinematic model which simulates an ideal surface machining process of the shaft. A micro scale hydrodynamic simulation model is used to investigate the influence of machining parameters on the lubricant flow along the axial direction across the tribo-contact. From this investigation, the connection between parameters applied for machining of the SCS and conveying effects can be estimated. The simulation model is also validated with experimental results of hard turned shafts of different machining parameters. Differences between manufactured real surfaces and kinematically simulated surfaces are the cause of deviations between the results.
- 31 January 2023
- Published by Springer Nature in Forschung im Ingenieurwesen
- Vol. 87 (2) , 655-671
Open AccessCharacterisation of the conveying effect of turned radial shaft seal counter-surfaces using a simplified hydrodynamic simulation model
A typical sealing system for rotating shafts consists of the radial shaft sealing ring (RSS), the lubricant and the shaft counter-surface (SCS) of the rotating shaft. The properties of the machined surface of the SCS have an impact on the sealing system. The structural pattern of the SCS influences the lubricant flow along the axial direction. In this paper, a simplified micro scale hydrodynamic simulation model is presented in order to study and determine the axial flow of the lubricant induced by the SCS of the sealing system, isolated from the effects induced by the seal, to allow for a rating of the shaft surface. The influence of the seal was neglected to allow for a simplified simulation. Simulated shaft surfaces corresponding to different machining parameters of machined SCS are used as input. These variants of SCS were created using a kinematic model which simulates an ideal surface machining process of the shaft. A micro scale hydrodynamic simulation model is used to investigate the influence of machining parameters on the lubricant flow along the axial direction across the tribo-contact. From this investigation, the connection between parameters applied for machining of the SCS and conveying effects can be estimated. The simulation model is also validated with experimental results of hard turned shafts of different machining parameters. Differences between manufactured real surfaces and kinematically simulated surfaces are the cause of deviations between the results.
- 1 January 2022
- Published by Springer Nature
- p. 199-209
Electrically induced damage of rolling bearings due to parasitic converter currents in electrical drive trains
- 1 January 2022
- Published by Springer Nature
- p. 199-209
Electrically induced damage of rolling bearings due to parasitic converter currents in electrical drive trains
- Open Access
- 20 October 2021
- Published by Springer Nature in Forschung im Ingenieurwesen
- Vol. 85 (4) , 1077-1090
Experimentelle Untersuchungen an feststoffgeschmierten Wälzlagern im Hochvakuum
Zusammenfassung: Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung an feststoffgeschmierten Wälzlagern vorgestellt. Betrachtet werden dabei Lager, welche einen speziellen, modifizierten Käfig verwenden. Die Käfigtaschen des Käfigs dienen dabei, zusätzlich zu ihrer ursprünglichen Funktion, der Führung der Wälzkörper, als Schmierstoffdepot. Es werden zunächst Prüfaufbau und die Versuchsbedingungen erläutert und in diesem Zusammenhang wird gezeigt, dass der in diesem Beitrag verwendete Aufbau, verglichen mit dem Aufbau vorangegangener Arbeiten, eine deutlich reduzierte Streuung aufweist. Als eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Fehlerquelle bei der gravimetrischen Bestimmung des Käfigtaschenverschleißes wurde das hygroskopische Verhalten des Polymercompounds identifiziert. Einer Verfälschung dieser Messergebnisse durch die unkontrollierte Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme aus der Umgebung, muss durch einen zeitlich vorgelagerten Trocknungsprozess unter definierten Bedingungen vorgebeugt werden. Zudem wird gezeigt, dass die Käfigtaschen sowohl durch den Innenring des Lagers, als auch durch die Wälzkörper verschlissen werden. Hierbei wird eine Messmethode zur Ermittlung der, durch den Innenring verschlissenen, Materialmenge vorgestellt. Durch Oberflächenanalysen der Messingstruktur des Käfigs wird eine Reduzierung des Zinks nachgewiesen, sowie eine Änderung der Oberflächenstruktur festgestellt. Als Ursache wird ein Sublimieren des Zinks aufgrund der Versuchsbedingungen vermutet. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass die Prüftemperatur von 300 °C zu einem Schrumpfen der Lagerringe führt. Eine Vorwegnahme dieser Maßverringerung ist durch Temperierung bei 300 °C für 48 h möglich.
- 20 October 2021
- Published by Springer Nature in Forschung im Ingenieurwesen
- Vol. 85 (4) , 1077-1090
Open AccessExperimentelle Untersuchungen an feststoffgeschmierten Wälzlagern im Hochvakuum
Zusammenfassung: Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden Ergebnisse einer Untersuchung an feststoffgeschmierten Wälzlagern vorgestellt. Betrachtet werden dabei Lager, welche einen speziellen, modifizierten Käfig verwenden. Die Käfigtaschen des Käfigs dienen dabei, zusätzlich zu ihrer ursprünglichen Funktion, der Führung der Wälzkörper, als Schmierstoffdepot. Es werden zunächst Prüfaufbau und die Versuchsbedingungen erläutert und in diesem Zusammenhang wird gezeigt, dass der in diesem Beitrag verwendete Aufbau, verglichen mit dem Aufbau vorangegangener Arbeiten, eine deutlich reduzierte Streuung aufweist. Als eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Fehlerquelle bei der gravimetrischen Bestimmung des Käfigtaschenverschleißes wurde das hygroskopische Verhalten des Polymercompounds identifiziert. Einer Verfälschung dieser Messergebnisse durch die unkontrollierte Feuchtigkeitsaufnahme aus der Umgebung, muss durch einen zeitlich vorgelagerten Trocknungsprozess unter definierten Bedingungen vorgebeugt werden. Zudem wird gezeigt, dass die Käfigtaschen sowohl durch den Innenring des Lagers, als auch durch die Wälzkörper verschlissen werden. Hierbei wird eine Messmethode zur Ermittlung der, durch den Innenring verschlissenen, Materialmenge vorgestellt. Durch Oberflächenanalysen der Messingstruktur des Käfigs wird eine Reduzierung des Zinks nachgewiesen, sowie eine Änderung der Oberflächenstruktur festgestellt. Als Ursache wird ein Sublimieren des Zinks aufgrund der Versuchsbedingungen vermutet. Weiterhin wird gezeigt, dass die Prüftemperatur von 300 °C zu einem Schrumpfen der Lagerringe führt. Eine Vorwegnahme dieser Maßverringerung ist durch Temperierung bei 300 °C für 48 h möglich.