Elan C. Hope

Youth's beliefs in their ability to impact racially oppressive systems (i.e., critical agency) are important for understanding the actions they engage in (i.e., critical action), but findings examining this relationship have been mixed. The current study utilized latent class analysis to examine the nuances in youth's critical agency and critical action behaviors and how these patterns co‐occur. Participants were 522 Black adolescents from across the United States. Unique classes of critical agency (Disempowered Competence, Gaining Confidence, and Agentic) and critical action (High Interpersonal Low Communal, High, Moderate, and Low) emerged. Results demonstrate that youth engage in critical action behaviors regardless of their perceived levels of agency, with the majority of youth belonging to the Moderate Action or High Action classes. Further, girls were more likely to be in the High Action class while boys were more likely to be in the Low Action class. Findings highlight that youth may engage in actions to resist racism regardless of how prepared they feel to do so or the amount of power they perceive having. Implications for supporting Black adolescent critical consciousness development within the context of well‐being are discussed.

Purpose, a sustained intention to make an impact beyond the self, is an important marker of positive youth development and has psychological and social benefits across life domains (Burrow et al., ...

The ACLU’s National Advocacy Institute (NAI) is a one-week residential program designed to build youth’s capacities to advocate for civil rights and challenge injustices. This study assessed its role in fostering adolescents’ critical consciousness. We surveyed NAI participants and a comparison group of engaged youth before, one week after (N = 58(NAI)/166(comparison)), and six months after the program (N = 47(NAI)/165(comparison)). Using difference-in-differences analyses with covariates, NAI youth increased their likelihood of taking low- and high-risk political actions after one week and high-risk action frequency after six months, relative to the comparison group. NAI youth increased three forms of critical agency one week and, marginally, six months post-program. No associations were found for critical reflection. As a robustness check, propensity score models mostly replicated results. Findings show the promise of short, intensive programs for sparking growth in critical agency and action and highlight the need for more critical consciousness-raising spaces.

Many people involved with the United States criminal legal system have experienced trauma, the long-term effects of which can challenge capacity to recover, often resulting in an increased risk of contact with the criminal legal system. Training programs can help professionals improve their understanding of trauma and implement trauma-informed responses. Limited research exists on the impact of trauma-informed response training for criminal legal professionals (e.g., corrections officers, court personnel, and law enforcement), and less is known about the effectiveness of the train-the-trainer (TTT) model in this context. In this article, we describe a four-phase, mixed-methods evaluation of a trauma-informed response training program delivered in the context of a 16-h TTT event to 28 criminal legal professionals in the southwest United States. We examine pre- and post-training knowledge acquisition, training experience, and impact on participant behaviors and attitudes 60 days post-training. Results provide preliminary support for the positive impact of trauma-informed response training for criminal legal professionals. We discuss future directions for research on the effectiveness of trauma-informed response training for criminal legal professionals, including, critically, whether trauma-informed training contributes to improved outcomes for individuals involved with the criminal legal system.

Scholars have documented positive and negative relationships between adolescents’ critical consciousness and mental health. This study aims to clarify the role of friendship networks contributing to these associations. Using egocentric network data from a nationwide adolescent sample (N = 984, 55.0% female, 23.9% nonbinary, 72.7% non-white), regression analyses examined whether adolescents’ psychological distress and flourishing were predicted by their friend group’s average critical consciousness and the difference between adolescents and their friends on critical consciousness dimensions (sociopolitical action, critical agency, and critical reflection), accounting for network and demographic covariates. Higher friend group critical consciousness positively predicted flourishing, and higher friend group sociopolitical action negatively predicted psychological distress. Adolescents who participated in sociopolitical action more frequently than their friends had higher psychological distress and lower flourishing. Those with higher agency than their friends had lower flourishing. At the individual level, adolescents’ sociopolitical action predicted higher psychological distress and flourishing, critical agency predicted higher flourishing, and critical reflection predicted higher psychological distress and lower flourishing. Adolescent mental health is uniquely related to their friends’ critical consciousness. Findings highlight the utility of social network analyses for understanding social mechanisms that underlie relationships between critical consciousness and mental health.

In recent years, girls and young women have become particularly visible as leaders of activist campaigns and social movements. Drawing on data collected from an ACLU summer program for youth activists and advocates, this study explores the costs and benefits cisgender girls incur as a result of their activism. The findings reveal that although girls report more benefits than costs overall from their activism, the costs are correlated with the number of marginalized identities they hold. Queer Black girls report the greatest overall costs from their activism, and queer Multiracial girls report the highest rates of burnout. Queer White girls report significantly greater overall costs and problems as a result of their activism than heterosexual White girls, more burnout than heterosexual Black girls, and more empowerment than heterosexual Latinas. Informed by intersectionality and the PVEST framework, implications for supporting the sociopolitical action of girls with different social locations are discussed.

This study examined experiences of individual, institutional, and cultural racism, along with critical consciousness (i.e., critical reflection, critical agency, critical action), and how they are associated with mental health outcomes for Black adolescents (N = 604; M_age = 15.4; 47.4% female). Consistent with previous research, we found that more experiences of racism were associated with more mental health distress for Black adolescents. We also found that the relationship between racism and mental health varied by critical reflection and critical action, in a three-way interaction effect. The positive association between racism and mental health distress was weaker for the Black adolescents in our sample who reported higher than average critical reflection and lower than average critical action. This evidence suggests that the reflection and action components of critical consciousness, together, can serve as an adaptive coping strategy to guard against the harm racism can cause to mental health. Black adolescents experience less mental health distress when they have a deep understanding of oppression, but do not engage heavily in actions to dismantle those unjust systems. These findings have implications for how youth researchers and practitioners can support critical consciousness development in ways that do not compromise adolescent mental health.