Akbar Azam
Research Subjects
Research Interests
Akbar Azam has a total of 60 co-authors. Here are the top co-authors by number of shared publications:
- Mohammed Shehu Shagari
Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Physical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
13 shared publications - Nayyar Mehmood
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University, H-10, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
13 shared publications - Faryad Ali
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), P.O. Box 90950, Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
10 shared publications - Maliha Rashid
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, International Islamic University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
7 shared publications - Ismat Beg
Department of Mathematics and Statistical Sciences, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, Pakistan
5 shared publications - Jamshaid Ahmad
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
5 shared publications
Latest Publications
- 28 August 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo Series 2
- Vol. 75 (6) , 185
Some convergence results of forward-backward-reflected splitting method for solving monotone inclusions
- 28 August 2026
- Published by Springer Nature in Rendiconti del Circolo Matematico di Palermo Series 2
- Vol. 75 (6) , 185
Some convergence results of forward-backward-reflected splitting method for solving monotone inclusions
- Open Access
- 3 January 2026
- Published by MDPI AG in Fractal and Fractional
- Vol. 10 (1) , 25
Intuitionistic Fuzzy Contractions over Banach Algebras and Their Applications to Fractional Volterra Integral Equations with Numerical Verification
This paper introduces a novel analytical and numerical framework for studying nonlinear fractional Volterra integral equations by employing an intuitionistic fuzzy metric structure over a Banach algebra. The principal contribution of this work is the development of fixed-point theory for a new class of intuitionistic fuzzy Z-contractions in -spaces over , which extends existing fuzzy and algebra-valued metric frameworks. Within this setting, we established existence, uniqueness, and convergence results for solutions of fractional integral equations of the Caputo type by proving that the associated fractional integral operator satisfies the proposed contractive conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated how the algebra-valued intuitionistic fuzzy structure enhances the analytical flexibility and robustness of the model. To support the theoretical findings, a numerical simulation based on a discretized iterative scheme is presented, illustrating the rapid convergence of the approximating sequence together with the monotone behavior of intuitionistic fuzzy nearness and non-nearness measures. The numerical results are consistent with the analytical theory and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed -spaces over the approach for fractional dynamical systems.- 3 January 2026
- Published by MDPI AG in Fractal and Fractional
- Vol. 10 (1) , 25
Open AccessIntuitionistic Fuzzy Contractions over Banach Algebras and Their Applications to Fractional Volterra Integral Equations with Numerical Verification
This paper introduces a novel analytical and numerical framework for studying nonlinear fractional Volterra integral equations by employing an intuitionistic fuzzy metric structure over a Banach algebra. The principal contribution of this work is the development of fixed-point theory for a new class of intuitionistic fuzzy Z-contractions in -spaces over , which extends existing fuzzy and algebra-valued metric frameworks. Within this setting, we established existence, uniqueness, and convergence results for solutions of fractional integral equations of the Caputo type by proving that the associated fractional integral operator satisfies the proposed contractive conditions. Furthermore, we demonstrated how the algebra-valued intuitionistic fuzzy structure enhances the analytical flexibility and robustness of the model. To support the theoretical findings, a numerical simulation based on a discretized iterative scheme is presented, illustrating the rapid convergence of the approximating sequence together with the monotone behavior of intuitionistic fuzzy nearness and non-nearness measures. The numerical results are consistent with the analytical theory and confirm the effectiveness of the proposed -spaces over the approach for fractional dynamical systems. - Open Access
- 1 January 2026
- Published by Wiley in Journal of Function Spaces
- Vol. 2026 (1) , 6694874
Stationary and Nonstationary Iterative Methods for Generalized Nonexpansive Mappings in Uniformly Convex Banach Spaces
The aim of this paper is to present a novel stationary and nonstationary iterative approach for approximating common fixed points of a finite family of generalized nonexpansive mappings in uniformly convex Banach spaces. For the stationary scheme, both strong and weak convergence theorems are established under standard geometric conditions. Addressing an open problem, that is, “under what conditions nonstationary algorithm converge to a common fixed point of the generalized nonexpansive mapping,” thus we propose a nonstationary iterative method that dynamically adapts to varying parameters, and we derive sufficient conditions for its convergence. The asymptotic regularity and stability of the nonstationary method are rigorously analyzed. A comprehensive numerical example, supported by MATLAB simulations, demonstrates the practical convergence behavior of the proposed schemes and validates the theoretical findings. These results contribute to the growing body of fixed point theory and offer potential applications in areas such as signal processing, image reconstruction, and machine learning. MSC2020 Classification: 47H10, 47J26, 47H09, 46B06
- 1 January 2026
- Published by Wiley in Journal of Function Spaces
- Vol. 2026 (1) , 6694874
Open AccessStationary and Nonstationary Iterative Methods for Generalized Nonexpansive Mappings in Uniformly Convex Banach Spaces
The aim of this paper is to present a novel stationary and nonstationary iterative approach for approximating common fixed points of a finite family of generalized nonexpansive mappings in uniformly convex Banach spaces. For the stationary scheme, both strong and weak convergence theorems are established under standard geometric conditions. Addressing an open problem, that is, “under what conditions nonstationary algorithm converge to a common fixed point of the generalized nonexpansive mapping,” thus we propose a nonstationary iterative method that dynamically adapts to varying parameters, and we derive sufficient conditions for its convergence. The asymptotic regularity and stability of the nonstationary method are rigorously analyzed. A comprehensive numerical example, supported by MATLAB simulations, demonstrates the practical convergence behavior of the proposed schemes and validates the theoretical findings. These results contribute to the growing body of fixed point theory and offer potential applications in areas such as signal processing, image reconstruction, and machine learning. MSC2020 Classification: 47H10, 47J26, 47H09, 46B06
- Open Access
- 31 August 2025
- Published by MDPI AG in Fractal and Fractional
- Vol. 9 (9) , 577
Existence of Solutions to Fractional Differential Inclusions with Non-Separated and Multipoint Boundary Constraints
A novel and generalized class of fractional differential inclusions has been investigated under a combination of nonlocal, non-separated, multipoint, and integral boundary conditions. Fractional derivatives have been employed to capture memory effects and enhance the modeling accuracy of real-world phenomena. Uncertainty has been addressed through the formulation of set-valued differential inclusions. The proposed boundary conditions have been designed to encompass a wide spectrum of both local and nonlocal types previously reported in the literature. The existence of solutions has been established via the Bohnenblust–Karlin fixed-point theorem. The applicability and effectiveness of the main results have been demonstrated through concrete examples.
- 31 August 2025
- Published by MDPI AG in Fractal and Fractional
- Vol. 9 (9) , 577
Open AccessExistence of Solutions to Fractional Differential Inclusions with Non-Separated and Multipoint Boundary Constraints
A novel and generalized class of fractional differential inclusions has been investigated under a combination of nonlocal, non-separated, multipoint, and integral boundary conditions. Fractional derivatives have been employed to capture memory effects and enhance the modeling accuracy of real-world phenomena. Uncertainty has been addressed through the formulation of set-valued differential inclusions. The proposed boundary conditions have been designed to encompass a wide spectrum of both local and nonlocal types previously reported in the literature. The existence of solutions has been established via the Bohnenblust–Karlin fixed-point theorem. The applicability and effectiveness of the main results have been demonstrated through concrete examples.
- Open Access
- 23 July 2025
- Published by MDPI AG in Preprints.org
Existence of Solutions to Fractional Differential Inclusions with Non-Separated and Multipoint Boundary Constraints
A novel and generalized class of fractional differential inclusions has been investigated under a combination of nonlocal, non-separated, multipoint, and integral boundary conditions. Fractional derivatives have been employed to capture memory effects and enhance the modeling accuracy of realworld phenomena. Uncertainty has been addressed through the formulation of set-valued differential inclusions. The proposed boundary conditions have been designed to encompass a wide spectrum of both local and nonlocal types previously reported in the literature. The existence of solutions has been established via the Bohnenblust–Karlin fixed point theorem. The applicability and effectiveness of the main results have been demonstrated through concrete examples.
- 23 July 2025
- Published by MDPI AG in Preprints.org
Open AccessExistence of Solutions to Fractional Differential Inclusions with Non-Separated and Multipoint Boundary Constraints
A novel and generalized class of fractional differential inclusions has been investigated under a combination of nonlocal, non-separated, multipoint, and integral boundary conditions. Fractional derivatives have been employed to capture memory effects and enhance the modeling accuracy of realworld phenomena. Uncertainty has been addressed through the formulation of set-valued differential inclusions. The proposed boundary conditions have been designed to encompass a wide spectrum of both local and nonlocal types previously reported in the literature. The existence of solutions has been established via the Bohnenblust–Karlin fixed point theorem. The applicability and effectiveness of the main results have been demonstrated through concrete examples.
- Open Access
- 1 January 2025
- Published by American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) in AIMS Mathematics
- Vol. 10 (8) , 19335-19356
Fuzziness and randomness in fixed point theory: Measurable selections and applications
This paper presents a novel fixed point theorem for measurable selections arising from pairs of fuzzy set-valued operators defined on Polish spaces. By establishing conditions under which such selections exist, we provided a rigorous framework for analyzing the solvability of random multivalued operator equations in fuzzy environments. Our approach seamlessly integrated fuzziness and randomness, extending classical fixed point theory into a more realistic setting where uncertainty is both probabilistic and vague. To demonstrate the utility and applicability of our results, we constructed well-structured and insightful examples rooted in engineering-inspired scenarios. These examples not only validate the theoretical framework but also highlight its effectiveness in modeling complex systems affected by dual sources of uncertainty.
- 1 January 2025
- Published by American Institute of Mathematical Sciences (AIMS) in AIMS Mathematics
- Vol. 10 (8) , 19335-19356
Open AccessFuzziness and randomness in fixed point theory: Measurable selections and applications
This paper presents a novel fixed point theorem for measurable selections arising from pairs of fuzzy set-valued operators defined on Polish spaces. By establishing conditions under which such selections exist, we provided a rigorous framework for analyzing the solvability of random multivalued operator equations in fuzzy environments. Our approach seamlessly integrated fuzziness and randomness, extending classical fixed point theory into a more realistic setting where uncertainty is both probabilistic and vague. To demonstrate the utility and applicability of our results, we constructed well-structured and insightful examples rooted in engineering-inspired scenarios. These examples not only validate the theoretical framework but also highlight its effectiveness in modeling complex systems affected by dual sources of uncertainty.
- Open Access
- 1 January 2024
- Published by Wiley in Advances in Fuzzy Systems
- Vol. 2024 (1)
Some Topological Characteristics of q‐Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Metric Space
This paper introduced a novel concept of q‐rung orthopair fuzzy (q‐ROF) metric spaces, in connection with the idea of q‐ROF sets, which generalizes well‐known concepts of fuzzy metric spaces and intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces. An elaborated example has been provided representing the increase in selection space due to the q‐ROF metric and limitations for the case of intuitionistic fuzzy metric space. We have presented the definitions of introduced concepts along with examples, so they are way more understandable for readers. Some basic topological results have been defined and proved for q‐ROF metric space. The concept of q‐ROF Menger boundedness is introduced, and its application in game theory is presented. Also we have presented the significance of introduced metric compared to existing versions of fuzzy metric in the consequent sections. Baire’s theorem and uniform limit theorem are also established in the perspective of q‐ROF metric spaces. An application of the obtained results in the field of game theory is also presented to draw the attention of investigators searching new fields of research.
- 1 January 2024
- Published by Wiley in Advances in Fuzzy Systems
- Vol. 2024 (1)
Open AccessSome Topological Characteristics of q‐Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Metric Space
This paper introduced a novel concept of q‐rung orthopair fuzzy (q‐ROF) metric spaces, in connection with the idea of q‐ROF sets, which generalizes well‐known concepts of fuzzy metric spaces and intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces. An elaborated example has been provided representing the increase in selection space due to the q‐ROF metric and limitations for the case of intuitionistic fuzzy metric space. We have presented the definitions of introduced concepts along with examples, so they are way more understandable for readers. Some basic topological results have been defined and proved for q‐ROF metric space. The concept of q‐ROF Menger boundedness is introduced, and its application in game theory is presented. Also we have presented the significance of introduced metric compared to existing versions of fuzzy metric in the consequent sections. Baire’s theorem and uniform limit theorem are also established in the perspective of q‐ROF metric spaces. An application of the obtained results in the field of game theory is also presented to draw the attention of investigators searching new fields of research.
- Open Access
- 24 November 2023
- Published by MDPI AG in Fractal and Fractional
- Vol. 7 (12) , 833
Exploring Integral ϝ-Contractions with Applications to Integral Equations and Fractional BVPs
In this article, two types of contractive conditions are introduced, namely extended integral -contraction and --contraction. For the case of two mappings and their coincidence point theorems, a variant of --contraction has been introduced, which is called --contraction. In the end, the applications of an extended integral -contraction and --contraction are given by providing an existence result in the solution of a fractional order multi-point boundary value problem involving the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative. An interesting existence result for the solution of the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind using the --contraction has been proven. Herein, an example is established that explains how the Picard–Jungck sequence converges to the solution of the nonlinear integral equation. Examples are given for almost all the main results and some graphs are plotted where required.- 24 November 2023
- Published by MDPI AG in Fractal and Fractional
- Vol. 7 (12) , 833
Open AccessExploring Integral ϝ-Contractions with Applications to Integral Equations and Fractional BVPs
In this article, two types of contractive conditions are introduced, namely extended integral -contraction and --contraction. For the case of two mappings and their coincidence point theorems, a variant of --contraction has been introduced, which is called --contraction. In the end, the applications of an extended integral -contraction and --contraction are given by providing an existence result in the solution of a fractional order multi-point boundary value problem involving the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivative. An interesting existence result for the solution of the nonlinear Fredholm integral equation of the second kind using the --contraction has been proven. Herein, an example is established that explains how the Picard–Jungck sequence converges to the solution of the nonlinear integral equation. Examples are given for almost all the main results and some graphs are plotted where required. - Open Access
- 30 October 2023
- Published by MDPI AG in Mathematics
- Vol. 11 (21) , 4489
A Comprehensive Study on Advancement in Hybrid Contraction and Graphical Analysis of £-Fuzzy Fixed Points with Application
Hybrid contractions serve as a flexible and versatile framework for establishing fixed-point Theorems and analyzing the convergence of iterative algorithms. This paper demonstrates the adapted form of the admissible hybrid fuzzy -contraction in the perspective of £-fuzzy set-valued maps for extended ♭-metric spaces. Sufficient criteria for obtaining £-fuzzy fixed points for this contraction have been established. In addition, the hypotheses of its main result are endorsed by some nontrivial supportive examples featuring graphical illustrations. Consequently, the concept of graphical extended ♭-metric spaces is introduced and a £-fuzzy fixed point result in the context of newly defined space is derived. Illustrative examples, incorporating relevant graphs, are provided with the support of a computer simulation to validate the established results, enhancing the understanding of the underlying notions and investigations. The concepts presented here not only considerably improve, enrich, and extend a number of well-known pre-existing fixed-point results but also assemble and merge several ones in the corresponding domain.- 30 October 2023
- Published by MDPI AG in Mathematics
- Vol. 11 (21) , 4489
Open AccessA Comprehensive Study on Advancement in Hybrid Contraction and Graphical Analysis of £-Fuzzy Fixed Points with Application
Hybrid contractions serve as a flexible and versatile framework for establishing fixed-point Theorems and analyzing the convergence of iterative algorithms. This paper demonstrates the adapted form of the admissible hybrid fuzzy -contraction in the perspective of £-fuzzy set-valued maps for extended ♭-metric spaces. Sufficient criteria for obtaining £-fuzzy fixed points for this contraction have been established. In addition, the hypotheses of its main result are endorsed by some nontrivial supportive examples featuring graphical illustrations. Consequently, the concept of graphical extended ♭-metric spaces is introduced and a £-fuzzy fixed point result in the context of newly defined space is derived. Illustrative examples, incorporating relevant graphs, are provided with the support of a computer simulation to validate the established results, enhancing the understanding of the underlying notions and investigations. The concepts presented here not only considerably improve, enrich, and extend a number of well-known pre-existing fixed-point results but also assemble and merge several ones in the corresponding domain. - Open Access
Fixed-Point Convergence of Multi-Valued Non-Expansive Mappings with Applications
This paper is dedicated to the advancement of fixed-point results for multi-valued asymptotically non-expansive maps regarding convergence criteria in complete uniformly convex hyperbolic metric spaces that are endowed with a graph. The famous fixed-point theorems of Goebel and Kirk, Khamsi and Khan, along with other recent results in the literature can be obtained as corollaries of these main results. A nice graph and an interesting example are also provided in support of the hypothesis of the main results.
Open AccessFixed-Point Convergence of Multi-Valued Non-Expansive Mappings with Applications
This paper is dedicated to the advancement of fixed-point results for multi-valued asymptotically non-expansive maps regarding convergence criteria in complete uniformly convex hyperbolic metric spaces that are endowed with a graph. The famous fixed-point theorems of Goebel and Kirk, Khamsi and Khan, along with other recent results in the literature can be obtained as corollaries of these main results. A nice graph and an interesting example are also provided in support of the hypothesis of the main results.