Alexander Goncharov

The field of visual and physiological optics is undergoing continuous significant advancements, driven by a deeper understanding of the human visual system and the development of cutting-edge optical technologies. This Roadmap, authored by leading experts, delves into critical areas such as corneal biomechanical properties, keratoconus, and advancements in corneal imaging and elastography. It explores the intricate structure–function relationship within the eye lens, offering new perspectives through lens models and ray tracing techniques. The document also covers advancements in retinal imaging, highlighting the current state and future directions, and the role of adaptive optics in evaluating retinal structure and function in both healthy and diseased eyes. Furthermore, it addresses the modeling of ocular surfaces using different mathematical functions and examines the factors affecting peripheral image quality in the human eye, emphasizing the importance of these aspects in visual performance. Additional topics include schematic and functional models of the human eye, the impact of optical and chromatic aberrations, and the design of contact, and intraocular lenses. Finally, the Roadmap addresses the intersection of neurosciences with vision health, presenting a comprehensive overview of current research and future trends aimed at improving visual health and optical performance. Ultimately, this Roadmap aims to serve as a valuable resource for ophthalmologists, optometrists, vision scientists, and engineers dedicated to advancing the field of visual and physiological optics.

Существующая система подготовки специалистов в области военно - полевой хирургии и хирургии повреждений не отвечает современным требованиям. Данное обстоятельство обусловило необходимость разработки и внедрения новых форм обучения, наиболее эффективной из которых считается проведение практических тренингов на биологическом материале и кадаверах. С 2018 г. на базе Военно - медицинской академии проводится первый в России инновационный учебно - практический курс СМАРТ (современные методы и алгоритмы лечения ранений и травм), сочетающий обучение на живых тканях, кадаверном материале и роботах - симуляторах. В течение трех лет курс непрерывно развивался, появились отдельные новые курсы по приему пострадавших (СМАРТ.ПП), сосудистой травме (СМАРТ.Ангио), эндоваскулярной хирургии (СМАРТ.РЭБОА). Сегодня курс СМАРТ превратился в современную обучающую платформу подготовки не только хирургов, но и врачей любой специальности, участвующих в оказании медицинской помощи раненым и пострадавшим. За время существования обучающей платформы СМАРТ на 18 курсах подготовку по различным вопросам хирургии повреждений прошел 651...

We present a method for determining the deformable mirror profile to simulate the optical effect of a customized contact lens in the central visual field. Using nonpupil-conjugated adaptive optics allows a wider field simulation compared to traditional pupil-conjugated adaptive optics. For a given contact lens, the mirror shape can be derived analytically using Fermat’s principle of the stationary optical path or numerically using optimization in ray-tracing programs. An example of an aspheric contact lens simulation is given to illustrate the method, and the effect of eye misalignment with respect to the deformable mirror position is investigated. The optimal deformable mirror conjugation position is found to be near the posterior corneal surface. Chromatic aberration analysis is also presented, and our findings indicate that the polychromatic simulation quality is similar to that of the monochromatic case, even though the mirror is a reflective component. The limitations of a single continuous surface deformable mirror to mimic a contact lens are outlined, with some recommendations for improving the quality of simulation.

The accommodating volume-constant age-dependent optical (AVOCADO) model of the crystalline lens is used to explore the age-related changes in ocular power and spherical aberration. The additional parameter m in the GRIN lens model allows decoupling of the axial and radial GRIN profiles, and is used to stabilise the age-related change in ocular power. Data for age-related changes in ocular geometry and lens parameter P in the axial GRIN profile were taken from published experimental data. In our age-dependent eye model, the ocular refractive power shows behaviour similar to the previously unexplained “lens paradox”. Furthermore, ocular spherical aberration agrees with the data average, in contrast to the proposed “spherical aberration paradox”. The additional flexibility afforded by parameter m, which controls the ratio of the axial and radial GRIN profile exponents, has allowed us to study the restructuring of the lens GRIN medium with age, resulting in a new interpretation of the origin of the power and spherical aberration paradoxes. Our findings also contradict the conceptual idea that the ageing eye is similar to the accommodating eye.

We present an opto-mechanical artificial eye that can be used for examining multi-wavelength ophthalmic instruments. Standard off-the-shelf lenses and a refractive-index-matching fluid were used in the creation of the artificial eye. In addition to dispersive properties, the artificial eye can be used to simulate refractive error. To analyze the artificial eye, a multi-wavelength Hartmann–Shack aberrometer was used to measure the longitudinal chromatic aberration and the possibility of inducing refractive error. Off-axis chromatic aberrations were also analyzed by imaging through the artificial eye at two discrete wavelengths. Possible extensions to the dispersive artificial eye are also discussed.

A small form-factor lens was designed for the purpose of portraiture photography. This specific application relaxed the requirement of an all-round high-performing lens. The large pupil diameter and moderate f-number resulted in a folded design.

The next generation of UVOIR space telescopes will be required to provide excellent wavefront control despite perturbations due to thermal changes, gravity release and vibrations. The STOIC project is a response to an ESA Invitation to Tender to develop an active optics correction chain for future space telescopes. The baseline space telescope being considered is a two-mirror, 4m telescope with a monolithic primary mirror – we refer to this concept as Hypatia. The primary mirror diameter could be extended, but is limited in the near future by launch vehicle dimensions. A deformable mirror (pupil diameter 110mm) will be an integral part of the telescope design; it is being designed for high precision and the ability to maintain a stable form over long periods of time. The secondary mirror of the telescope will be activated to control tip-tilt, defocus and alignment with the primary. Wavefront sensing will be based on phase diversity and a dedicated Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor. The project will develop a laboratory prototype to demonstrate key aspects of the active correction chain. We present the current state of the preliminary design for both the Hypatia space telescope and the laboratory breadboard. © (2016) COPYRIGHT Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only

The purpose of this manuscript is to introduce a new age-dependent model of the human lens with two GRIN power distributions (axial and radial) that allow decoupling of its refractive power and axial optical path length. The aspect ratio of the lens core can be held constant under accommodation, as well as the lens volume by varying the asphericity of the lens external surfaces. The spherical aberration calculated by exact raytracing is shown to be in line with experimental data. The proposed model is compared to previous GRIN models from the literature, and it is concluded that the features of the new model will be useful for GRIN reconstruction in future experimental studies; in particular, studies of the accommodation-dependent properties of the ageing human eye. A proposed logarithmic model of the lens core enables decoupling of three fundamental optical characteristics of the lens, namely axial optical path length, optical power and third-order spherical aberration, without changing the external shape of the lens. Conversely, the near-surface GRIN structure conforms to the external shape of the lens, which is necessary for accommodation modelling.

The refractive index distribution of the geometry-invariant gradient refractive index lens (GIGL) model is derived as a function of Cartesian coordinates. The adjustable external geometry of the GIGL model aims to mimic the shape of the human and animal crystalline lens. The refractive index distribution is based on an adjustable power-law profile, which provides additional flexibility of the model. An analytical method for layer-by-layer finite ray tracing through the GIGL model is developed and used to calculate aberrations of the GIGL model. The result of the finite ray tracing aberrations of the GIGL model are compared to those obtained with paraxial ray tracing. The derived analytical expression for the refractive index distribution can be employed in the reconstruction processes of the eye using the conventional ray tracing methods. The layer-by-layer finite ray tracing approach would be an asset in ray tracing through a modified GIGL model, where the refractive index distribution cannot be described analytically. Using the layer-by-layer finite ray-tracing method, the potential of the GIGL model in representing continuous as well as shell-like layered structures is illustrated and the results for both cases are presented and analysed.