Gustavo Calderón-De la Cruz

La depresión en adolescentes es un problema de salud pública que debe abordarse debido a sus graves consecuencias para la salud mental y física; por lo tanto, es necesario que los profesionales de la salud cuenten con instrumentos con evidencia de validez y confiabilidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las propiedades psicométricas del PHQ-9 en adolescentes peruanos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 687 adolescentes, de los cuales 366 eran varones (M = 15,21; SD = 0,92) y 321 mujeres (M = 15,22; SD = 0,94). Los análisis se realizaron utilizando la teoría clásica de los test y la teoría de respuesta al ítem. Los resultados respaldaron una estructura unidimensional invariante entre adolescentes varones y mujeres y con una fiabilidad adecuada. Además, los ítems fueron capaces de distinguir entre las respuestas de los adolescentes con mayor o menor presencia de sintomatología depresiva, especialmente los ítems 2, 6 y 9. Se concluye que el P¨HQ-9 es un instrumento robusto para su uso en contextos de investigación y práctica profesional.

Background: Highly visual social media (HVSM) platforms such as Facebook (Meta Platforms, Inc), Instagram (Meta Platforms, Inc), TikTok (ByteDance Ltd), and Snapchat (Snap Inc) have become central to the digital lives of adolescents and young adults. While these platforms have been linked to body dissatisfaction, they are also increasingly used as vehicles for health promotion. However, the evidence on interventions delivered through HVSM to address body image issues remains fragmented. Objective: This review aimed to synthesize available evidence on interventions using HVSM platforms to reduce negative body image in adolescents and young adults. Methods: We conducted a systematic search across 5 electronic databases (Scopus, MEDLINE, APA Psynet, Embase, and Web of Science) for studies published between January 2012 and October 2025. Eligible studies included experimental or quasi-experimental designs evaluating the effect of an HVSM-based intervention on body image outcomes in individuals aged 13 to 35 years. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Tool 2.0 (Cochrane) and was conducted independently by 2 researchers. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria with 4975 participants (2612 in intervention groups and 2363 in control groups). Most studies were conducted in high-income countries and had predominantly female participants. The interventions varied widely in format, duration, and theoretical basis. Microinterventions, brief interactive strategies such as gamified chatbots or short videos, were the most common and had moderate effects. Stimulus-based interventions using content with a positive body image or that did not focus on appearance were also identified, achieving moderate effects (ηp²<.07), as well as combined approaches that integrated digital and face-to-face components to reduce negative body image (P<.001). The use and functionality of interventions using social media platforms were also compared by gender. Conclusions: Body image management platforms offer an emerging avenue for implementing body image interventions in adolescents and young adults. While current evidence suggests modest benefits, the high heterogeneity among presentation formats and the variability in duration make comparisons between these studies difficult. This review synthesizes social media–delivered interventions for body image disturbance, going beyond broader digital approaches centered on websites or apps. It identifies cross-platform, putative mechanisms of action and common intervention formats, highlighting the potential of brief interventions for scalable reach and user empowerment via content curation. These findings define targets for optimization and underscore the need for platform safeguards and supportive policy and regulatory frameworks to enable safe real-world implementation, particularly for adolescents.

BACKGROUND Highly visual social media (HVSM) platforms such as Facebook (Meta Platforms, Inc), Instagram (Meta Platforms, Inc), TikTok (ByteDance Ltd), and Snapchat (Snap Inc) have become central to the digital lives of adolescents and young adults. While these platforms have been linked to body dissatisfaction, they are also increasingly used as vehicles for health promotion. However, the evidence on interventions delivered through HVSM to address body image issues remains fragmented. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to synthesize available evidence on interventions using HVSM platforms to reduce negative body image in adolescents and young adults. METHODS We conducted a systematic search across 5 electronic databases (Scopus, MEDLINE, APA Psynet, Embase, and Web of Science) for studies published between January 2012 and October 2025. Eligible studies included experimental or quasi-experimental designs evaluating the effect of an HVSM-based intervention on body image outcomes in individuals aged 13 to 35 years. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Tool 2.0 (Cochrane) and was conducted independently by 2 researchers. RESULTS Eight studies met the inclusion criteria with 4975 participants (2612 in intervention groups and 2363 in control groups). Most studies were conducted in high-income countries and had predominantly female participants. The interventions varied widely in format, duration, and theoretical basis. Microinterventions, brief interactive strategies such as gamified chatbots or short videos, were the most common and had moderate effects. Stimulus-based interventions using content with a positive body image or that did not focus on appearance were also identified, achieving moderate effects (ηp²<.07), as well as combined approaches that integrated digital and face-to-face components to reduce negative body image (P<.001). The use and functionality of interventions using social media platforms were also compared by gender. CONCLUSIONS Body image management platforms offer an emerging avenue for implementing body image interventions in adolescents and young adults. While current evidence suggests modest benefits, the high heterogeneity among presentation formats and the variability in duration make comparisons between these studies difficult. This review synthesizes social media–delivered interventions for body image disturbance, going beyond broader digital approaches centered on websites or apps. It identifies cross-platform, putative mechanisms of action and common intervention formats, highlighting the potential of brief interventions for scalable reach and user empowerment via content curation. These findings define targets for optimization and underscore the need for platform safeguards and supportive policy and regulatory frameworks to enable safe real-world implementation, particularly for adolescents.

El objetivo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Comportamiento Innovador (IBS) en 227 trabajadores de nacionalidad peruana (51.982% hombres) entre 22 y 76 años (M = 45.009; DE = 12.046). En cuanto a la validez de contenido, la claridad y relevancia de los ítems fue analizada por jueces expertos, mientras que la estructura interna se evaluó mediante el análisis factorial confirmatorio. Por otro lado, se implementó un análisis de invarianza de medición según sexo y cargo, y se estimó la confiabilidad de las puntuaciones directas (coeficiente alfa) y del constructo (coeficiente omega). Los resultados indican que los ítems de la IBS son claros y relevantes, el modelo unidimensional tiene mayor respaldo empírico, y existe un grado aceptable de invarianza según el sexo y cargo laboral. Asimismo, la confiabilidad fue aceptable en todos los casos. Se concluye que la IBS tiene propiedades psicométricas adecuadas.

Peruvian primary healthcare professionals experience high levels of burnout syndrome (BS). This study aims to assess the impact of a cognitive-behavioural model-based (CBMB) program as an occupational intervention to reduce burnout in primary healthc...

Evaluar los efectos positivos de los factores psicosociales del trabajo es una permanente iniciativa de investigadores y profesionales. El objetivo del estudio es examinar psicométricamente la versión ultra reducida del Utrech Work Engagement Scale (UWES-3). Participaron 200 trabajadores de 21 a 53 años procedentes de la ciudad de Lima (Perú). Las evidencias de validez corroboradas fueron su estructura interna y su relación con otros constructos; los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach (α), Omega (ω) y H fueron los estimadores para la confiabilidad. Como resultados, se demostró la unidimensionalidad del UWES-3 y su asociación negativa con el síndrome de burnout; los niveles de confiabilidad en los tres estimadores fueron altos. Los resultados iniciales de validez y confiabilidad del UWES-3 pueden considerarse satisfactorios e incentivan a la continuidad de su estudio en el trabajo peruano.

The objective was to determine the validity of the UWES-3, an ultrashort measure of work engagement lacking evidence in Hispanic populations. In total, 200 workers with heterogeneous positions and careers from Metropolitan Lima were enrolled via nonprobabilistic sampling. The UWES-3 and measures of external variables (work accidents, stress overload, and others) were used. Data were collected through a web platform. Items were analysed, nonparametric response theory methods (Mokken scale analysis and Ramsay curves) were applied to the items, and ordinal and linear regression were used to determine the relationships with external variables. The items had statistically similar distributional properties and monotonic associations with external variables but with fewer functional response options. The UWES-3 complied with the monotonic homogeneity model and invariant ordering of items; the scaling of the items, score (greater than 0.80), and reliability (0.94) were high. With the effects of age and sex controlled, the UWES-3 significantly predicted minor accidents at work and job satisfaction and revealed effects of stress overload and perceived efficacy. The theoretical implications of the UWES-3 as a brief unidimensional measure integrating the three original dimensions of the instrument and the practical implications of its use for research and professional practice are discussed.

Burnout: Comentario teórico y metodológico al estudio del Muñoz del Carpio