Sadia Zafar Bajwa

An electrochemical sensor was fabricated for selective detection of salivary 17β‐estradiol using interdigital capacitors (IDCs) functionalized with copper‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (Cu@g‐C ₃ N ₄ ) integrated within a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP). Cu@g‐C ₃ N ₄ was characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate were selected as monomer/crosslinker for MIP formation in variable formulations, with capacitive measurements performed at 50 Hz, 100 Hz, and 1 kHz. The MIP‐Cu@g‐C ₃ N ₄ coated device exhibited linear capacitance response to 17β‐estradiol in concentration range of 50–800 nM with sensitivity of 115.94 nF/log(nM), which was about two times higher than pristine MIP. The calculated limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 14.9 and 45.16 nM, respectively. The sensor showed at least two‐fold higher response toward 17β‐estradiol compared to urea, glucose, ascorbic acid, tyrosine, creatinine, progesterone, and dydrogesterone. Mean recovery from spiked saliva samples was 101.18% ± 11.03%, demonstrating adequately reliable performance in complex matrices. Device‐to‐device variation was below 3% across three independently fabricated sensors, indicating good reproducibility. The sensor retained over 85% of its response after 4 weeks of storage, suggesting adequate stability. The Cu@g‐C ₃ N ₄ /MIP capacitive sensor could be potentially used for non‐invasive, reliable monitoring of salivary 17β‐estradiol.

Aberrant inflammatory responses are crucial indicators of the onset and progression of diverse pathologies, including metabolic syndromes, autoimmune disorders, and neuroinflammation. The intrinsic intricacy and heterogeneity of these signaling pathways require innovative therapeutic approaches that allow precise immunomodulation while alleviating systemic toxicity. Lipid‐based nanocarriers (LBNCs), including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, and nanostructured lipid carriers, have emerged as transformative platforms to deliver a variety of therapeutic agents. The clinical maturity of these systems, catalyzed by the global success of lipid‐based RNA vaccines, has established an initial safety and scalability of this framework, which is now being transitioned toward chronic inflammatory management. This review critically evaluates the structure–function relationships of LBNCs, examining how specific physicochemical attributes dictate their interaction with inflamed tissues. We analyze the molecular mechanisms by which LBNCs' architecture modulates key inflammatory regulators, such as cytokine networks and oxidative pathways, to achieve superior therapeutic control. Furthermore, we scrutinize the strategic selection of delivery routes and their direct impact on site‐specific biodistribution and patient compliance. By addressing current bottlenecks in long‐term immunocompatibility and regulatory characterization, this review provides a roadmap for engineering the next generation of bio‐responsive anti‐inflammatory nanomedicines. Collectively, these insights position LBNCs as a transformative paradigm for refining the precision and efficacy of modern anti‐inflammatory therapy. This article is categorized under: Biology‐Inspired Nanomaterials > Lipid‐Based Structures.

The design of hybrid semiconductor–polymer interfaces continues to advance the performance of electrochemical sensors. In this study, an ultrasensitive sensing platform is constructed by integrating a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP), derived from upcycled polystyrene, with copper‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (CugCN). The Cu dopant modulates the electronic structure of gCN, enhances charge‐transfer kinetics, and increases the density of electroactive sites, while the MIP confers selective host–guest recognition toward oxytocin. The hybrid MIP@CugCN interface provides highly sensitive electrochemical detection of oxytocin, exhibiting a linear response over the concentration range of 100–900 nM with a detection limit of 34 pM as determined by differential pulse voltammetry. The sensor maintains high chemical fidelity, discriminating oxytocin from structurally related interferents, and exhibits robust operational stability, retaining more than 91% of its initial response after 15 days. When applied to untreated milk matrices, the platform provides recoveries of 92%–104% with minimal sample preparation. These results demonstrate that the semiconductor–polymer hybrid engineering provides a practical strategy for the highly selective electrochemical detection of oxytocin in complex milk matrices, with broader potential for food safety applications.

Amphiphilic Janus nanoparticles for dual-modal applications: Cancer imaging and treatment enabling precise imaging localization and activation under irradiation/ultrasound stimuli for targeted cancer therapeutic efficacy.

Cancer remains a major global health challenge, and developing effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies is a primary focus of current research. The early diagnosis is one of the crucial strategies to improve patient outcomes and minimize the overall burden on healthcare system. To enable efficient detection, there is an urgent need for advanced sensor interfaces that offer high sensitivity and selectivity for accurate and reliable performance. MXene gained significant attention in the last decade right after its discovery for biomolecules detection purpose. MXene due to its unique composition and structure exhibits remarkable multifunctional property of electrical conductivity, chemical stability, and sensor’s functional versatility. This review paper aims to extensively examine the available latest research on MXene for prevalent cancer biomarker detection electrochemically. It further summarizes essential properties of MXene contributing to electrochemical sensing capabilities. In addition, commonly applied methods in preparation of MXene nanomaterials are comprehensively discussed with their merits and demerits. Importantly, various approaches to electrochemically detect cancer biomarkers using MXene are elaborated comprehensively, to highlight the interaction and necessary modifications between sensor recognition material and target molecules. The categorically discussion of MXene application on prevalent cancer trend offers a crystalize perspective aligning MXene’s characteristics with cancer diagnosis. Moreover, the highlights of challenges faced in synthesis and application of MXene, along with future potential, will help in understanding the projection of the future trend of MXene application for cancer diagnostic. With these detailed focus points, this review will serve as a worthy resource for upcoming research in improvement of cancer healthcare. Graphical abstract