Irfan Ahmed

The study aims to examine the economic and social impacts of oil subsidy reduction in Tunisia. The study uses the Tunisian social accounting matrix for a dynamic general equilibrium model. It then simulates a 27% drop in the oil refining subsidies and records the impact on GDP, private consumption, sectoral value‐added, and investment. The findings confirm a decline in GDP and household consumption, which diminishes in the following periods. The investment also exhibits a decline, which further falls sharply in the second period but stabilizes in the following periods. Exports and imports undergo a sharp decline initially but then trend towards stabilization, resulting in a modest cumulative increase in exports and cumulative decrease in imports over the five‐year horizon. The study also confirms that the subsidy reduction in the oil sector spills over to all economic sectors. However, the initial sharp increase in value‐added tends to reduce and move towards adjustments. The study contributes to the current literature in two ways. Methodologically, it employs a recursive‐dynamic CGE model integrated with an investment accelerator, calibrated to a current, disaggregated 2017 social accounting matrix for Tunisia. Empirically, it focuses on a specific reduction in oil‐refining subsidies rather than comprehensive fuel‐price adjustments, facilitating a thorough evaluation of both macroeconomic and sectoral adjustment trajectories. The findings suggest that policymakers should utilize various fiscal and monetary policy tools and reduce oil subsidies to facilitate a smooth transition for sectors and stabilize demand and prices.

Purpose: This study analyzes the structure of intersectoral linkages and resource-income interactions within the Tunisian economy, with a focus on the implications for sustainability in water, energy, food and related sectors. Design/methodology/approach: A detailed Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) for Tunisia is constructed to calibrate an extended input–output (IO) model. By integrating institutional income and expenditure flows into the production system, the SAM enables a more comprehensive representation of economic interdependencies. Linkage indexes derived from the extended model are compared with those from the traditional Leontief formulation to assess how institutional accounts reshape measured economic relationships. Findings: The results demonstrate that integrating institutional income and expenditure flows into production structures substantially alters measured inter-commodity relationships. This expanded approach yields more nuanced insights into key commodities and their interactions, with significant relevance to public economic policy. Practical implications: The findings emphasize the importance of understanding both production structures and economic linkages in the context of household socioeconomic conditions. The study provides guidance for policymakers seeking to promote efficient resource allocation, circular economy principles and inclusive socioeconomic development, thereby supporting Tunisia's strategy for sustainable growth. Originality/value: By comparing traditional and extended IO models with SAM-based approaches, the research presents novel evidence regarding the economic and institutional interdependencies that underpin sustainable resource management in Tunisia.

Purpose: This study has two objectives. First, it incorporates income and expenditure accounts into the Nigerian economy’s production structures. Second, it conducts an impact analysis on the nexus of income and expenditure to examine the economic impact of reduced cocoa bean exports during COVID-19. Design/methodology/approach: The study employs an extended multisectoral model (EMM) on a social accounting matrix (SAM) to incorporate the income and expenditure of the institutional sectors into the production structures. Later, the study identifies key commodities using linkage analysis. Furthermore, the study empirically investigated the economic impact of cocoa bean export reduction amid COVID-19. Findings: The findings posit that “motor vehicles and assembly,” “construction,” “transport; road, water and rail,” and “financial institutions” remain key commodities in the exogenous and endogenous income-expenditure setups, underlining their significance in the economy. However, commodities such as “cassava unprocessed,” “oil refining,” “fertilizers and chemical products,” “plastic and rubber products” and “broadcasting,” which were key in the exogenous setup, do not retain their dominance in the endogenous setup. On the other hand, the impact analysis finds a decline in GDP, household consumption, public expenditure, and aggregate investments by 0.892%, 0.884%, 0.824% and 0.902% respectively. Research limitations/implications: A major limitation of this study is the reliance on the 2010 SAM, which, although it captures fundamental structural linkages, may not fully reflect recent economic changes. Building and upgrading the SAM using more current data would reveal more robust and sectoral dynamics in future studies. Another limitation is that the current study is static. Future studies can calibrate dynamic input-output or computable general equilibrium models for more insightful findings. Originality/value: The originality and value of this approach lie in its integrated strategy to economic recovery, combining targeted policy interventions, public–private partnerships and data-driven decision-making. By focusing on key commodities like motor vehicles, assembly and infrastructure, it ensures efficient resource allocation. Using an EMM on a SAM highlights the importance of evidence-based policymaking tailored to specific challenges. Encouraging export diversification and innovation in commodities like processed cassava creates new growth opportunities, reducing reliance on traditional commodities and enhancing economic stability.

This study ascertains the primary sectors of the Jizan region by analyzing interindustry connections. The study employs input-output tables and input-output modeling to perform a linkage analysis, which evaluates the forward as well as backward connections between sectors. The findings highlight that the main sectors exhibiting strong interdependencies with other sectors are ‘agriculture, forestry and fishing’, ‘manufacturing’, ‘wholesale and retail trade’, and ‘information and communication’. This study emphasizes the role of input-output technology within these sectors, particularly in enhancing productivity, streamlining processes, and fostering innovation. The capacity of these sectors to drive production, create jobs, and facilitate economic development through robust industry connections renders them critical.

This study aims at investigating the contextual factors surrounding the nexus between economic development and environmental degradation by utilising the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis and incorporating CO₂ emissions indicator. The environmental quality, energy source, economic growth nexus evaluation is heavily dependent on the level of economic growth. The study examines impact of different levels of economic expansion following an Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis across Middle East and North Africa (MENA). Additionally, the present study examines the asymmetrical relationship that exist between economic growth and green energy, and the environmental quality. The study employs panel data ranging from 1996 to 2020 in the context of MENA nations. Several econometric tests were employed, second generation unit root tests, CIPS and CADF, Westerlund cointegration test. This study extends prior studies by applying the Panel Non‐Linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (PNARDL). The Westerlund test validates a long run association among the variable of the study. The EKC hypothesis is validated in the short run for the MENA countries. It also reveals that a positive and negative shocks to the green energy decreases CO₂ emissions. The positive shock to GDP results in an increase in CO₂ emissions. Moreover, the study revealed a negative and significant relationship between FDI and CO₂ emission. A positive and significant relationship was found between trade openness and CO₂ emissions. Our findings suggest that the MENA nations should switch to green energy sources to lessen the impact of non‐renewable energy consumption on the environment and promote sustainable development, since non‐renewable energy is believed to have the greatest impact on economic activity.