Julie Delyon

Le mélanome cutané métastatique était un cancer au pronostic particulièrement péjoratif, jusqu’au développement récent de 2 classes pharmacologiques: l’immunothérapie, pour tous les mélanomes, et les thérapies ciblées, principalement pour les mélanomes porteurs de la mutation BRAF (50% des mélanomes cutanés). Mais l’apparition de résistance, et l’absence de thérapies ciblées sur les mélanomes non mutés BRAF, incitent à rechercher de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Notre travail portait sur l’étude in vitro de la phosphodiestérase de type 4 (PDE4), une enzyme régulant la voie de l’AMPc, principale voie de différenciation mélanocytaire. L’objectif était d’évaluer le rôle de PDE4 dans le mélanome, et l’effet de son inhibition par des molécules pharmacologiques déjà disponibles sur le marché.Dans une première partie, nous avons étudié le rôle de PDE4 dans les cellules de mélanomes mutés sur BRAF. Nous avons montré que l’isoforme PDE4D5 est surexprimée dans le mélanome, et régule l’invasion cellulaire par un mécanisme faisant intervenir la focal adhesion kinase, FAK. Dans les tumeurs nous avons observé une association entre le niveau d’expression de PDE4D5 et le degré d’invasion du mélanome.Dans une seconde partie, nous avons étudié l’effet de l’inhibition de PDE4 sur la prolifération cellulaire. Nous avons montré que la croissance des cellules de mélanome muté BRAF cultivées sous forme de mélanosphères, enrichies en cellules initiatrices de tumeurs, est réduite en présence d’inhibiteurs de PDE4. De plus les lignées BRAF muté résistantes aux inhibiteurs de BRAF gardent une sensibilité aux inhibiteurs de PDE4. Ces résultats, et ceux de l’équipe établis dans le mélanome muté sur RAS, corroborent l’hypothèse que PDE4 pourrait être une cible thérapeutique d’intérêt dans le traitement du mélanome métastatique

Because BRAF-mutated melanomas are addicted to the Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) pathway they show a high response rate to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. However, the clinical responses to these inhibitors are often short-lived with the rapid onset of resistance to treatment. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms driving resistance has been the subject of intense research. Recent in vitro and clinical data have suggested a link between expression of telomerase and resistance to targeted therapy in melanoma. TERT promoter mutations are the main mechanism for the continuous upregulation of telomerase in melanoma and co-occur frequently with BRAF alterations. To understand how TERT promoter mutations could be associated with resistance to targeted therapy in melanoma, we conducted translational and in vitro studies. In a cohort of V600E-BRAF-mutated melanoma patients, we showed that the TERT promoter mutation status and TERT expression tended to be associated with response to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. We demonstrated that TERT overexpression in BRAF-mutated melanoma cells reduced sensitivity to BRAF and MEK independently of TERT’s telomer maintenance activity. Interestingly, inhibition of TERT reduced growth of BRAF-mutated melanoma including resistant cells. TERT expression in melanoma can therefore be a new biomarker for resistance to MAPK inhibitors as well as a novel therapeutic target.

Figure S3. DNA alterations (mutations and copy number alterations) uncovered in all samples collected before and during treatment (Baseline, after cycle 2 and end of treatment). * indicates samples processed only in mRNA expression and copy number analysis (no NGS data available).

Purpose:In BRAFV600MUT metastatic melanoma, cyclin D–CDK4/6–INK4–Rb pathway alterations are involved in resistance to MAPK inhibitors, suggesting a clinical benefit of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) inhibitors. In this phase I–II study, we aimed to establish the MTD of palbociclib when added to vemurafenib.Patients and Methods:Patients with BRAFV600E/KMUT metastatic melanoma harboring CDKN2A loss and RB1 expression were included and stratified into two groups according to previous BRAF inhibitor treatment (no:strata 1; yes:strata 2). Treatment comprised palbociclib once daily for 14 days followed by a 7-day break + continuous dosing of vemurafenib. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), and the secondary endpoints included the best response, survival, pharmacokinetics, and tumor molecular profiling.Results:Eighteen patients were enrolled, with 15 in strata 2. Characteristics at inclusion were American Joint Committee on Cancer stage IVM1c (N = 16; 88.9%), high lactate dehydrogenase (N = 9; 50.0%), and median number of previous treatments of 2. One and 5 patients experienced DLT in strata 1 and 2, respectively, defining the MTD at palbociclib 25 mg and vemurafenib 960 mg in strata 2. No significant evidence for drug–drug interactions was highlighted. The median progression-free survival was 2.8 months, and 5 (27.8%) patients showed a clinical response. The baseline differential mRNA expression analysis and in vitro data revealed the role of CHEK2 in the response to palbociclib.Conclusions:Although the combination of palbociclib + fixed-dose vemurafenib did not allow an increased palbociclib dosage above 25 mg, a significant clinical benefit was achieved in pretreated patients with melanoma. An association between the transcriptomic data and clinical response was highlighted.

Figure S1. (A) RNA expression and copy number variations in A375 melanoma cell lines resistant to vemurafenib (A375R). RNA expression was normalized according to PPIA, B2M and ACTB gene expression (siRNA: small interfering RNA). (B) Inhibition of CHEK2 at both the mRNA and protein levels in A375 melanoma cell lines resistant to vemurafenib (A375R) transfected with siRNA CHEK2 (50 nM and 100 nM) compared to those transfected with siRNA control (siRNA: small interfering RNA).

Figure S2. (A) Change in the tumor burden from baseline over time according to RECIST for all the included patients. The tumor burden was measured as the sum of the longest diameters of target lesions. Each line represents a patient. (B) Kaplan-Meier plot of the overall survival for all the included patients (N =18). (C) Kaplan-Meier plot of the progression-free survival for all the included patients (N =18).

Figure S4. Differential gene expression analysis in responders vs nonresponders conducted on baseline samples. Three hundred fifty-eight genes were screened. Genes with FDR P-value <0.05 are labeled and in blue.