Sanjay Dey

Cellulose is one of the most economical, biodegradable, and biosafe components found in nature. It is extracted from biomass found in forests or crops being treated enzymatically, chemically or mechanically. The extracted cellulose on acid hydrolysis and other mechanical treatment yields bacterial cellulose, nano-fibrillated cellulose, and cellulose nanocrystals. Nanosized cellulose can be attributed to the size reduction of the polymer chains in cellulose from micro to nanoscale. The size range was found suitable from 1–100 nm to be called nanosized cellulose. Nano cellulose hogged much limelight in the modern era due to its low toxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Due to the rapid evolution in this field, it is an obvious need to synthesize nano cellulose from different sources for its huge potential in pharmaceuticals and other industries. The tiny size made the nano cellulose mechanically strong and stable thus rendering it suitable for application, especially in pharmaceuticals, drug delivery, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine. Recent research has been focused on the development and applications of nanocellulose products due to their eco-friendly nature and diversity of its application. However, there are challenges too, related to its scale-up, cost, and stability may be registered. This chapter will further discuss in detail the synthesis and preparations of nanosized cellulose and its theragnostic applications.

Objective: A simple, reliable, sensitive and validated reversed phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for quantification of lornoxicam (LX) in rat plasma.Methods: Solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) gel formulations containing lornoxicam were prepared using high-speed homogenization followed by ultra-sonication. Pharmacokinetic study of formulated LX loaded SLN and NLC were performed on Wister albino rats.Results: The chromatographic separation was performed on hypersil octadecylsilane (ODS)-18 column using a mobile phase of 10 mmol. Phosphate buffer (pH, 4.5) and acetonitrile (65:35 v/v). Elute was monitored at 377 nm with a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 25.38–2046.45 ng/ml. Retention times of LX and internal standard (piroxicam) were 9.3 and 10.2 min, respectively. Maximum plasma drug concentration, the area under the plasma drug concentration versus time curve and elimination half-life for LX loaded SLN gel were found 6381.51±971.27ng/ml, 19917.21±7111.24 ng h/ml and 7.27±1.21h and 8558.13±1564.08 ng/ml, 21317.99±4568.71 ng/ml and 6.22±2.16 h. respectively. In vivo in vitro correlation study, the fraction of drug dissolved from nanoparticle in pH 7.4 was plotted against the fraction of drug absorbed and a linear correlation (R2= 0.9987) was obtained.Conclusion: A novel simple, simple, sensitive, precise, rapid, accurate, and economical and reliable RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of LX in rat plasma.

Celecoxib is a well known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and extensively employed for the treatment of arthritis. The aim of the present study was to design, develop and optimization of micro particulates system, for colon specific delivery of celecoxib for both local (in prophylaxis of colorectal adreno-carcinoma) and systemic (in chrono-therapeutic treatment of arthritis) therapy. The aim of the present work was to elucidate the effect of formulation variables e.g., amount of eudragit polymer (X₁), surfactant concentration (X₂) and agitation speed (X₃) on in-vitro release profiles (Y₁-Y₃), drug entrapment efficiency (Y₄) and particle size (Y₅) of micro-particulates system of celecoxib. Microspheres were formulated with the combination of ethyl cellulose (EC) and eudragit RS100/eudragit S100; by using a novel quasi emulsion solvent diffusion technique. Developed formulations were characterized and evaluated on the basis of FTIR, thermal, particle size, SEM and XRD analysis. The formulation variables were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). Best optimized delayed release formulation was further subjected to the in vivo x-ray studies to evaluate the site specificity. It was found that in-vitro release (Y₁-Y₃ ) decreased significantly (p<0.05) with increase in amount of eudragit polymer but increased significantly (p<0.05) with an increase in surfactant concentration and stirring speed. FTIR study indicated that no strong chemical interaction took place between the drug and excipients of prepared formulations. DSC and XRD studies indicated that drug was present in the amorphous state. The X-ray photographs revealed that the swelling layer eroded from the outer surface and a size reduction was seen after 6 hrs when optimized microspheres reached the site of colon. Therefore, this approach suggested that the combination of eudragit S100 and ethyl cellulose microspheres may be useful for the delivery of maximum amount of celecoxib in intact form to the colon.

The objective of the present study was to develop bilayer tablets of atorvastatin and atenolol that are characterized by initial fast-release of atorvastatin in the stomach and comply with the release requirements of sustained-release of atenolol. An amorphous, solvent evaporation inclusion complex of atorvastatin withβ-cyclodextrin, present in 1 : 3 (drug/cyclodextrin) molar ratio, was employed in the fast-release layer to enhance the dissolution of atorvastatin. Xanthan gum and guar gum were integrated in the sustained-release layer. Bilayer tablets composed of sustained-release layer (10% w/w of xanthan gum and guar gum) and fast-release layer [1 : 3 (drug/cyclodextrin)] showed the desired release profile. The atorvastatin contained in the fast-release layer showed an initial fast-release of more than 60% of its drug content within 2 h, followed by sustained release of the atenolol for a period of 12 h. The pharmacokinetic study illustrated that the fast absorption and increased oral bioavailability of atorvastatin as well as therapeutic concentration of atenolol in blood were made available through adoption of formulation strategy of bilayer tablets. It can be concluded that the bilayer tablets of atorvastatin and atenolol can be successfully employed for the treatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia together through oral administration of single tablet.