Sofien Gannouni

Beekeeping occupies a challenging intersection: it is economically vital across vast, under-served rural areas, yet the tools available to manage it rarely match that scale. This paper presents a low-cost, solar-powered IoT system designed to address this gap. Rather than treating beehive management as a narrow agricultural concern, the system frames it as a case study in distributed, data-driven resource governance. Each hive is fitted with an ESP32-based sensor node that tracks temperature, humidity, and equivalent CO₂ (eCO₂), while solar-powered base stations provide GPS positioning and intrusion detection. All components are connected through a tiered wireless architecture: a 100 m 2.4 GHz RF sensor link connects individual hive nodes to solar-powered base stations, which forward aggregated telemetry to the cloud over a 120 m Wi-Fi or cellular uplink. The system was evaluated in an active apiary across five hives and two solar-powered base stations, which operated continuously for two weeks without failure, including during periods of darkness. The sensors are supported by a four-layer backend architecture that converts raw readings into real-time alerts and monitoring dashboards, providing a decision-support layer designed to assist beekeeping associations and agricultural authorities. The modular backend enables these organizations to coordinate operations, such as pesticide-spraying schedules and hive density across branches, while establishing a practical software foundation for future integration of AI-based analytics and additional sensing modalities. Taken together, the results present a practical, low-cost model for extending resilient, sustainable resource monitoring into rural and agricultural settings, with direct relevance to Saudi Arabia’s beekeeping sector and potential applications in similar deployments elsewhere.

It is becoming increasingly attractive to detect human emotions using electroencephalography (EEG) brain signals. EEG is a reliable and cost-effective technology used to measure brain activities. This paper proposes an original framework for usability testing based on emotion detection using EEG signals, which can significantly affect software production and user satisfaction. This approach can provide an in-depth understanding of user satisfaction accurately and precisely, making it a valuable tool in software development. The proposed framework includes a recurrent neural network algorithm as a classifier, a feature extraction algorithm based on event-related desynchronization and event-related synchronization analysis, and a new method for selecting EEG sources adaptively for emotion recognition. The framework results are promising, achieving 92.13%, 92.67%, and 92.24% for the valence–arousal–dominance dimensions, respectively.

Acknowledging the importance of the ability to communicate with other people, the researcher community has developed a series of BCI-spellers, with the goal of regaining communication and interaction capabilities with the environment for people with disabilities. In order to bridge the gap in the digital divide between the disabled and the non-disabled people, we believe that the development of efficient signal processing algorithms and strategies will go a long way towards achieving novel assistive technologies using new human–computer interfaces. In this paper, we present various classification strategies that would be adopted by P300 spellers adopting the row/column paradigm. The presented strategies have obtained high accuracy rates compared with existent similar research works.

There are many applications controlled by the brain signals to bridge the gap in the digital divide between the disabled and the non-disabled people. The deployment of novel assistive technologies using brain-computer interface (BCI) will go a long way toward achieving this lofty goal, especially after the successes demonstrated by these technologies in the daily life of people with severe disabilities. This paper contributes in this direction by proposing an integrated framework to control the operating system functionalities using Electroencephalography signals. Different signal processing algorithms were applied to remove artifacts, extract features, and classify trials. The proposed approach includes different classification algorithms dedicated to detecting the P300 responses efficiently. The predicted commands passed through a socket to the API system, permitting the control of the operating system functionalities. The proposed system outperformed those obtained by the winners of the BCI competition and reached an accuracy average of 94.5% according to the offline approach. The framework was evaluated according to the online process and achieved an excellent accuracy attaining 97% for some users but not less than 90% for others. The suggested framework enhances the information accessibility for people with severe disabilities and helps them perform their daily tasks efficiently. It permits the interaction between the user and personal computers through the brain signals without any muscular efforts.

There is a wide area of application that uses cerebral activity to restore capabilities for people with severe motor disabilities, and actually the number of such systems keeps growing. Most of the current BCI systems are based on a personal computer. However, there is a tremendous interest in the implementation of BCIs on a portable platform, which has a small size, faster to load, much lower price, lower resources, and lower power consumption than those for full PCs. Depending on the complexity of the signal processing algorithms, it may be more suitable to work with slow processors because there is no need to allow excess capacity of more demanding tasks. So, in this review, we provide an overview of the BCIs development and the current available technology before discussing experimental studies of BCIs.

Recognizing emotions using biological brain signals requires accurate and efficient signal processing and feature extraction methods. Existing methods use several techniques to extract useful features from a fixed number of electroencephalography (EEG) channels. The primary objective of this study was to improve the performance of emotion recognition using brain signals by applying a novel and adaptive channel selection method that acknowledges that brain activity has a unique behavior that differs from one person to another and one emotional state to another. Moreover, we propose identifying epochs, which are the instants at which excitation is maximum, during the emotion to improve the system’s accuracy. We used the zero-time windowing method to extract instantaneous spectral information using the numerator group-delay function to accurately detect the epochs in each emotional state. Different classification scheme were defined using QDC and RNN and evaluated using the DEAP database. The experimental results showed that the proposed method is highly competitive compared with existing studies of multi-class emotion recognition. The average accuracy rate exceeded 89%. Compared with existing algorithms dealing with 9 emotions, the proposed method enhanced the accuracy rate by 8%. Moreover, experiment shows that the proposed system outperforms similar approaches discriminating between 3 and 4 emotions only. We also found that the proposed method works well, even when applying conventional classification algorithms.

The advancement of assistive technologies toward the restoration of the mobility of paralyzed and/or amputated limbs will go a long way. Herein, we propose a system that adopts the brain-computer interface technology to control prosthetic fingers with the use of brain signals. To predict the movements of each finger, complex electroencephalogram (EEG) signal processing algorithms should be applied to remove the outliers, extract features, and be able to handle separately the five human fingers. The proposed method deals with a multi-class classification problem. Our machine learning strategy to solve this problem is built on an ensemble of one-class classifiers, each of which is dedicated to the prediction of the intention to move a specific finger. Regions of the brain that are sensitive to the movements of the fingers are identified and located. The average accuracy of the proposed EEG signal processing chain reached 81% for five subjects. Unlike the majority of existing prototypes that allow only one single finger to be controlled and only one movement to be performed at a time, the system proposed will enable multiple fingers to perform movements simultaneously. Although the proposed system classifies five tasks, the obtained accuracy is too high compared with a binary classification system. The proposed system contributes to the advancement of a novel prosthetic solution that allows people with severe disabilities to perform daily tasks in an easy manner.

Brain-computer interface (BCI) acquires, analyzes and transforms human brain activity to control commands allowing as such disabled people to communicate or control external devices. A motor imagery-based BCI enables patients to control artificial peripherals and communicate with the outside world by merely thinking of the task such as, e.g., the imagination of left-hand, right-hand, or foot movement. The mere intention of moving one of the limbs triggers neural activity, which is induced in the primary sensorimotor areas like that observed with real executed movements. Tracking generated sensorimotor rhythms (SMRs) and extracting robust and informative features from electroencephalogram (EEG) signals are challenging due to the time-varying nature of EEG signals and the inter-human variability. In this paper, we proposed an EEG-zeros-time windowing (E2ZTW) approach based on a highly decaying window function to track SMRs and identify the temporal epochs containing useful information without any prior information on the trigger. The proposed approach involves the application of the group-delay function, allowing the improvement of the spectral resolution due to the additive property of the function on individual resonances. Some algorithms were integrated into the proposed approach, such as the common spatial pattern algorithm, which is used to extract features and linear discriminant analysis and a convolutional neural network, which are used for the classification of the features. The effectiveness of the proposed approach in tracking the SMRs rhythms is evaluated in terms of accuracy. Experiments were performed on three public datasets provided by BCI competition for 17 subjects. Following experimental results, it is shown that discrimination between the left- and right-hand movements can be achieved within a few seconds with high classification accuracy. As compared to other state-of-art techniques, the proposed approach achieves an average classification accuracy and standard error values of 82% and 13, respectively, thereby outperforming existing algorithm by an accuracy mean of 2%.