Fábio Morato de Castilho

A Estatística Cardiovascular – Brasil foi estabelecida para fornecer avaliação da saúde cardiovascular no Brasil de maneira periódica, abrangente e baseada em evidência, assim como para apoiar a prática clínica, a pesquisa, o planejamento em saúde pública e a elaboração de políticas.1-3 Desenvolvida sob os auspícios da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, a iniciativa reúne uma rede multidisciplinar de investigadores de instituições acadêmicas em todo o país, que são responsáveis pela revisão, análise e interpretação dos dados de múltiplas fontes complementares. [...] A Estatística Cardiovascular – Brasil foi estabelecida para fornecer avaliação da saúde cardiovascular no Brasil de maneira periódica, abrangente e baseada em evidência, assim como para apoiar a prática clínica, a pesquisa, o planejamento em saúde pública e a elaboração de políticas.1-3 Desenvolvida sob os auspícios da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, a iniciativa reúne uma rede multidisciplinar de investigadores de instituições acadêmicas em todo o país, que são responsáveis pela revisão, análise e interpretação dos dados de múltiplas fontes complementares.

Background: Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) commonly occurs in patients with advanced heart failure and cardiogenic shock. However, the prognostic impact of RRT in heart transplant (HT) candidates remains unclear, particularly in resource‐limited settings without routine access to durable mechanical circulatory support (MCS). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed a prospective cohort of adult HT recipients at a single Brazilian university hospital between April 2014 and November 2021. Patients with irreversible chronic kidney disease were excluded. Outcomes were compared between recipients who required pre‐transplant RRT for Type 1 cardiorenal syndrome and those who did not. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify independent predictors of 30‐day mortality. Results: Among 211 HT recipients, 33 (15.7%) required RRT prior to transplantation. The overall 30‐day mortality was 15.2%. Patients requiring RRT had significantly higher 30‐day mortality compared to those who did not (30.3% vs. 12.4%; OR 3.08; 95% CI, 1.30–7.33; p = 0.008). However, in a multivariable analysis, only Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory (INTERMACS) profile 1 or 2 remained independently associated with mortality (OR 3.87; 95% CI, 1.47–10.26; p = 0.006). All RRT‐dependent survivors recovered renal function before hospital discharge. Conclusion: Pre‐transplant RRT due to cardiorenal syndrome was not associated with increased early mortality. In the absence of durable mechanical circulatory support, heart transplantation may remain a viable option for carefully selected patients with potentially reversible renal dysfunction. The complete renal recovery observed among survivors further supports that RRT for cardiorenal syndrome should not be considered an absolute contraindication to transplantation.

Introduction: Despite advancements in implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) technology, sudden cardiac death (SCD) remains a persistent public health concern. Chagas disease (ChD), prevalent in Brazil, is associated with increased ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) events and SCD compared to other cardiomyopathies.Methods: This retrospective observational study included patients who received ICDs between October 2007 and December 2018. The study aims to assess whether mortality and VT/VF events decreased in patients who received ICDs during different time periods (2007–2010, 2011–2014, and 2015–2018). Additionally, it seeks to compare the prognosis of ChD patients with non‐ChD patients. Time periods were chosen based on the establishment of the Arrhythmia Service in 2011. The primary outcome was overall mortality, assessed across the entire sample and the three periods. Secondary outcomes included VT/VF events and the combined outcome of death or VT/VF.Results: Of the 885 patients included, 31% had ChD. Among them, 28% died, 14% had VT/VF events, and 37% experienced death and/or VT/VF. Analysis revealed that period 3 (2015–2018) was associated with better death‐free survival (p = .007). ChD was the only variable associated with a higher rate of VT/VF events (p < .001) and the combined outcome (p = .009).Conclusion: Mortality and combined outcome rates decreased gradually for ICD patients during the periods 2011–2014 and 2015–2018 compared to the initial period (2007–2010). ChD was associated with higher VT/VF events in ICD patients, only in the first two periods.

SOBRE ESTE DOCUMENTO A publicação Estatística Cardiovascular – Brasil tem por objetivo fornecer uma compilação anual dos dados e das pesquisas sobre a epidemiologia das DCV no Brasil. Este documento congrega as estatísticas oficiais do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil e outras entidades governamentais ao lado de dados do projeto GBD, coordenado pelo IHME da Universidade de Washington. Além disso, incorpora dados derivados de várias fontes e estudos científicos, inclusive coortes e registros, relacionados às DCV e fatores de risco [...] SOBRE ESTE DOCUMENTO A publicação Estatística Cardiovascular – Brasil tem por objetivo fornecer uma compilação anual dos dados e das pesquisas sobre a epidemiologia das DCV no Brasil. Este documento congrega as estatísticas oficiais do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil e outras entidades governamentais ao lado de dados do projeto GBD, coordenado pelo IHME da Universidade de Washington. Além disso, incorpora dados derivados de várias fontes e estudos científicos, inclusive coortes e registros, relacionados às DCV e fatores de risco

In Brazil, Chagas cardiomyopathy is the third most common cause of indication for heart transplantation (HTx). Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a severe condition frequently present in patients with terminal heart failure that worsens the prognosis of patients undergoing HTx. The etiological mechanism of PAH is multifactorial, with increased ventricular filling pressure being one of the main ones. Recently, however, several studies have sought to demonstrate the role of the local inflammatory process in contributing to the stiffening of the pulmonary arteries and the emergence or worsening of PAH in the heart failure (HF) setting. Objectives: To evaluate the inflammatory process in the pulmonary arteries of chagasic HTx (HTx-C) and non-chagasic (HTx-NC) patients, with and without PAH, through the tissue concentration of inflammatory cytokines obtained at the time of HTx. Methods: The levels of interleukins (IL)-6,IL-1β, TNF-α, and CD68 and CD66b neutrophils were measured in fragments of the pulmonary arteries of HTx-C and HTx-NC patients with and without PAH. Results: No statistically significant difference (p≥ 0.05) between the inflammatory biomarkers measured in HTx-C and HTx-NC pulmonary arteries, with or without PAH. Conclusion: We observed that HTx-C and HTx-NC patients present the same levels of inflammatory markers expressed in the pulmonary artery tissue, whether or not they have PAH. This fact suggests that PAH in HTx-C and HTx-NC patients is a process that is related to HF itself and not to the patients’ inflammatory profile.

O transplante cardíaco (TxC) é opção terapêutica considerada em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC) avançada e refratária ao tratamento otimizado, de acordo com diretrizes nacionais e internacionais. A IC é uma doença progressiva que afeta milhões de pessoas. O paciente com IC avançada frequentemente desenvolve hipertensão arterial pulmonar (HAP). A HAP é definida como uma condição em que a pressão média da artéria pulmonar é superior a 20 mmHg. Em relação à HAP, reconhece-se que a inflamação é um aspecto importante no seu desenvolvimento. Objetivo: Neste contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre o processo inflamatório e o desenvolvimento de hipertensão arterial pulmonar em pacientes submetido ao TxC. Métodos: Os níveis das interleucinas IL-6, IL-1β e TNF-α foram obtidos por ELISA, associados das contagens de CD68 e de neutrófilos CD66b pela técnica de imunofluorescência, em fragmentos das artérias pulmonares de pacientes portadores de cardiomiopatia chagásica ou não submetidos ao TxC. Resultados: O estudo revelou que não existe diferença estatisticamente significativa (p ≥ 0,05) entre os pacientes receptores chagásicos e os receptores não-chagásicos no que diz respeito às variáveis clínicas, ecocardiográficas, manométricas e aos marcadores inflamatórios. Conclusão: Esses dados sugerem a presença de um perfil pró-inflamatório nos pacientes transplantados cardíaco independente dos níveis aferidos de pressão na artéria pulmonar.

Background: Heart failure (HF) contributes to a high burden of hospitalization, and its form of presentation is associated with disease prognosis. Objectives: To describe the association of hemodynamic profile of acute HF patients at hospital admission, based on congestion (wet/dry) and perfusion (cold/warm), with mortality, hospital length of stay and risk of readmission. Methods: Cohort study, with patients participating in the "Best Practice in Cardiology" program, admitted for acute HF in Brazilian public hospitals between March 2016 and December 2019, with a six-month follow-up. Characteristics of the population and hemodynamic profile at admission were analyzed, in addition to survival analysis using Cox proportional hazard model for associations between hemodynamic profile at admission and mortality, and logistic regression for the risk of rehospitalization, using a statistical significance level of 5%. Results: A total of 1,978 patients were assessed, with mean age of 60.2 (±14.8) years and mean left ventricular ejection fraction of 39.8% (±17.3%). A high six-month mortality rate (22%) was observed, with an association of cold hemodynamic profiles with in-hospital mortality (HR=1.72, 95%CI 1.27-2.31; p < 0.001) and six-month mortality (HR= 1.61, 95%CI 1.29-2.02). Six-month rehospitalization rate was 22%, and higher among patients with wet profiles (OR 2.30; 95%CI 1.45-3.65; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Acute HF is associated with high mortality and rehospitalization rates. Patient hemodynamic profile at admission is a good prognostic marker of this condition.

Resumo Fundamento: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é responsável por alta carga de internações hospitalares. A sua forma de apresentação está relacionada ao prognóstico da doença. Objetivos: Descrever a associação entre o perfil hemodinâmico de admissão hospitalar na IC aguda, baseado em congestão (úmido ou seco) e perfusão (frio ou quente), e desfechos de mortalidade, tempo de internação e chance de reinternação. Métodos: Estudo de coorte, envolvendo pacientes do projeto "Boas Práticas Clínicas em Cardiologia", internados por IC aguda em hospitais públicos brasileiros, entre março de 2016 a dezembro de 2019, com seguimento de seis meses. Foram realizadas análises das características populacionais e do perfil hemodinâmico de admissão, além de análises de sobrevivência pelos modelos de Cox para associação entre o perfil de admissão e mortalidade, e regressão logística para chance de reinternação, considerando nível de significância estatística de 5%. Resultados: Foram avaliados 1978 pacientes, com idade média foi 60,2 (±14,8) anos e fração de ejeção média do ventrículo esquerdo de 39,8% (±17,3%). Houve altas taxas de mortalidade no seguimento de seis meses (22%), com associação entre os perfis hemodinâmicos frios e a mortalidade hospitalar (HR=1,72; IC95% 1,27-2,31; p < 0,001) e em 6 meses (HR= 1,61, IC 95% 1,29-2,02). A taxa de reinternação em 6 meses foi de 22%, sendo maior para os pacientes admitidos em perfis úmidos (OR 2,30; IC95% 1,45-3,65; p < 0,001). Conclusões: A IC aguda no Brasil apresenta altas taxas de mortalidade e reinternações e os perfis hemodinâmicos de admissão hospitalar são bons marcadores prognósticos dessa evolução.

Purpose of Review Resistant hypertension (R-HTN) is related to worse cardiovascular, renal outcomes, and death compared to non R-HTN. We aimed to review the burden of R-HTN across the world, focusing on its prevalence, associated factors and outcomes, and the impact of treatment. Recent Findings R-HTN prevalence among hypertensive individuals varies around 10–20%, depending on the population and definition applied. R-HTN consistently relates to older age, chronic kidney disease, obesity, and obstructive sleep apnea – which are increasing in prevalence with global population aging. As such, R-HTN prevalence is also expected to rise. Infrequent use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring to identify at higher risk individuals and poor adherence to treatment are still barriers in the approach of R-HTN. Summary Available evidence suggests that 10–20% of patients with hypertension have R-HTN. However, the prevalence of true R-HTN using contemporaneous standardized definitions is still unknown. Novel strategies to address clinicians, patients and health system barriers to treatment inertia and adherence are fundamental to reduce the burden of R-HTN.

Heart transplantation (HT) is an established treatment for patients with advanced heart failure (HF). Chagas disease (CD), caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi (T.cruzi) is an important cause of HF in Latin America. Considering CD is a chronic infectious disease, the use of immunosuppressive therapy after HT can reactivate T. cruzi infection and compromise outcomes. Early diagnosis and treatment of this complication is extremely important, which requires knowledge, experience, and a high degree of suspicion by transplant physicians. Furthermore, with [...] Abstract Heart transplantation (HT) is an established treatment for patients with advanced heart failure (HF). Chagas disease (CD), caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi (T.cruzi) is an important cause of HF in Latin America. Considering CD is a chronic infectious disease, the use of immunosuppressive therapy after HT can reactivate T. cruzi infection and compromise outcomes. Early diagnosis and treatment of this complication is extremely important, which requires knowledge, experience, and a high degree of suspicion by transplant physicians. Furthermore, with