Zeynep Akata

Contributions à l'apprentissage grande échelle pour la classification d'images: La construction d'algorithmes classifiant des images à grande échelle est devenue une t^ache essentielle du fait de la difficulté d'effectuer des recherches dans les immenses collections de données visuelles non-etiquetées présentes sur Internet. L'objetif est de classifier des images en fonction de leur contenu pour simplifier la gestion de telles bases de données. La classification d'images à grande échelle est un problème complexe, de par l'importance de la taille des ensembles de données, tant en nombre d'images qu'en nombre de classes. Certaines de ces classes sont dites "fine-grained" (sémantiquement proches les unes des autres) et peuvent même ne contenir aucun représentant étiqueté. Dans cette thèse, nous utilisons des représentations à l'état de l'art d'images et nous concentrons sur des méthodes d'apprentissage efficaces. Nos contributions sont (1) un banc d'essai d'algorithmes d'apprentissage pour la classification à grande échelle et (2) un nouvel algorithme basé sur l'incorporation d'étiquettes pour apprendre sur des données peu abondantes. En premier lieu, nous introduisons un banc d'essai d'algorithmes d'apprentissage pour la classification à grande échelle, dans un cadre entièrement supervisé. Il compare plusieurs fonctions objectifs pour apprendre des classifieurs linéaires, tels que "un contre tous", "multiclasse", "classement", "classement avec pondération" par descente de gradient stochastique. Ce banc d'essai se conclut en un ensemble de recommandations pour la classification à grande échelle. Avec une simple repondération des données, la stratégie "un contre tous" donne des performances meilleures que toutes les autres. Par ailleurs, en apprentissage en ligne, un pas d'apprentissage assez petit s'avère suffisant pour obtenir des résultats au niveau de l'état de l'art. Enfin, l'arrêt prématuré de la descente de gradient stochastique introduit une régularisation qui améliore la vitesse d'entraînement ainsi que la capacité de régularisation. Deuxièmement, face à des milliers de classes, il est parfois difficile de rassembler suffisamment de données d'entraînement pour chacune des classes. En particulier, certaines classes peuvent être entièrement dénuées d'exemples. En conséquence, nous proposons un nouvel algorithme adapté à ce scénario d'apprentissage dit "zero-shot". Notre algorithme utilise des données parallèles, comme les attributs, pour incorporer les classes dans un espace euclidien. Nous introduisons par ailleurs une fonction pour mesurer la compatibilité entre image et étiquette. Les paramètres de cette fonction sont appris en utilisant un objectif de type "ranking". Notre algorithme dépasse l'état de l'art pour l'apprentissage "zero-shot", et fait preuve d'une grande flexibilité en permettant d'incorporer d'autres sources d'information parallèle, comme des hiérarchies. Il permet en outre une transition sans heurt du cas "zero-shot" au cas où peu d'exemples sont disponibles.

Large language models (LLMs) are being increasingly incorporated into scientific workflows. However, we have yet to fully grasp the implications of this integration. How should the advancement of large language models affect the practice of science? For this opinion piece, we have invited four diverse groups of scientists to reflect on this query, sharing their perspectives and engaging in debate. Schulz et al. make the argument that working with LLMs is not fundamentally different from working with human collaborators, while Bender et al. argue that LLMs are often misused and overhyped, and that their limitations warrant a focus on more specialized, easily interpretable tools. Marelli et al. emphasize the importance of transparent attribution and responsible use of LLMs. Finally, Botvinick and Gershman advocate that humans should retain responsibility for determining the scientific roadmap. To facilitate the discussion, the four perspectives are complemented with a response from each group. By putting these different perspectives in conversation, we aim to bring attention to important considerations within the academic community regarding the adoption of LLMs and their impact on both current and future scientific practices.

In recent years, black-box machine learning approaches have become a dominant modeling paradigm for knowledge extraction in remote sensing. Despite the potential benefits of uncovering the inner workings of these models with explainable AI, a comprehensive overview summarizing the used explainable AI methods and their objectives, findings, and challenges in remote sensing applications is still missing. In this paper, we address these issues by performing a systematic review to identify the key trends of how explainable AI is used in remote sensing and shed light on novel explainable AI approaches and emerging directions that tackle specific remote sensing challenges. We also reveal the common patterns of explanation interpretation, discuss the extracted scientific insights in remote sensing, and reflect on the approaches used for explainable AI methods evaluation. As such, our review provides a complete summary of the state-of-the-art of explainable AI in remote sensing. Further, we give a detailed outlook on the challenges and promising research directions, representing a basis for novel methodological development and a useful starting point for new researchers in the field.

Spherical or omni-directional images offer an immersive visual format appealing to a wide range of computer vision applications. However, geometric properties of spherical images pose a major challenge for models and metrics designed for ordinary 2D images. Here, we show that direct application of Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) is insufficient for quantifying geometric fidelity in spherical images. We introduce two quantitative metrics accounting for geometric constraints, namely Omnidirectional FID (OmniFID) and Discontinuity Score (DS). OmniFID is an extension of FID tailored to additionally capture field-of-view requirements of the spherical format by leveraging cubemap projections. DS is a kernel-based seam alignment score of continuity across borders of 2D representations of spherical images. In experiments, OmniFID and DS quantify geometry fidelity issues that are undetected by FID.

In Composed Video Retrieval, a video and a textual description which modifies the video content are provided as inputs to the model. The aim is to retrieve the relevant video with the modified content from a database of videos. In this challenging task, the first step is to acquire large-scale training datasets and collect high-quality benchmarks for evaluation. In this work, we introduce EgoCVR, a new evaluation benchmark for fine-grained Composed Video Retrieval using large-scale egocentric video datasets. EgoCVR consists of 2,295 queries that specifically focus on high-quality temporal video understanding. We find that existing Composed Video Retrieval frameworks do not achieve the necessary high-quality temporal video understanding for this task. To address this shortcoming, we adapt a simple training-free method, propose a generic re-ranking framework for Composed Video Retrieval, and demonstrate that this achieves strong results on EgoCVR. Our code and benchmark are freely available at https://github.com/ExplainableML/EgoCVR.

Visual categories that largely share the same set of local parts cannot be discriminated based on part information alone, as they mostly differ in the way the local parts relate to the overall global structure of the object. We propose Relational Proxies , a novel approach that leverages the relational information between the global and local views of an object for encoding its semantic label, even for categories it has not encountered during training. Starting with a rigorous formalization of the notion of distinguishability between categories that share attributes, we prove the necessary and sufficient conditions that a model must satisfy in order to learn the underlying decision boundaries to tell them apart. We design Relational Proxies based on our theoretical findings and evaluate it on seven challenging fine-grained benchmark datasets and achieve state-of-the-art results on all of them, surpassing the performance of all existing works with a margin exceeding 4% in some cases. We additionally show that Relational Proxies also generalizes to the zero-shot setting, where it can efficiently leverage emergent relationships among attributes and image views to generalize to unseen categories, surpassing current state-of-the-art in both the non-generative and generative settings. Implementation is available at https://github.com/abhrac/relational-proxies .