Shutipen Buranasinsup

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Staphylococcus aureus ( S. aureus ) poses critical public health challenges by limiting treatment efficacy and elevating morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. Methods: This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of AMR in S. aureus isolated from humans (veterinarians, veterinary assistants, and pet owners) and animals (dogs and cats) in veterinary clinics across five provinces in Thailand. A total of 882 samples were collected from which 188 S. aureus isolates were recovered and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and resistance gene detection. Results: Substantial variations in AMR profiles were observed across host categories, with veterinarians and veterinary assistants exhibiting higher resistance rates than pet owners. The β‐lactam resistance gene bla Z was prevalent in all groups, whereas mec A was predominantly detected in veterinarians and dogs, emphasizing the occupational risk and zoonotic transmission potential. The aminoglycoside resistance gene aac A –aph D was common in cats, and quinolone resistance genes gyr A and grl A were identified in veterinarians and dogs. Macrolide resistance genes msr A and erm A, lincosamide resistance gene lin A, and tetracycline resistance gene tet K were widely distributed across the groups. Agr typing of S. aureus isolates revealed diverse group distributions, with agr group I was predominant in human samples and associated with the highest AMR gene expression, while agr group III was most prevalent in animal samples and also exhibited elevated AMR gene expression within that group. Conclusions: This study underscored the diverse distribution of AMR genes, with veterinarians and veterinary assistants facing higher occupational risks. The findings highlighted the importance of integrated antimicrobial stewardship and surveillance within a One Health framework to mitigate the spread of AMR in veterinary and community settings.

Background and Aim: Staphylococci, which inhabit skin and mucous membranes in humans and animals, are opportunistic pathogens. Coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are the two main groups. Clinical abscesses in rabbits often harbor Staphylococcus aureus and CoNS. This study estimated S. aureus and CoNS prevalence, resistance profiles, antimicrobial-resistant genes, and the accessory gene regulator (agr) group in rabbit clinical abscesses. Materials and Methods: Sixty-seven abscesses were gathered from 67 rabbits who visited Prasu-Arthorn Animal Hospital in Nakornpathom, Thailand, from January 2014 to October 2015. Thirty-four subcutaneous, 29 dental, 2 ocular, 1 mammary gland, and 1 uterine abscess were present. Conventional methods, including Gram staining, mannitol fermentation, hemolysis on blood agar, catalase testing, and coagulase production, identified and isolated S. aureus and CoNS from all abscesses. All S. aureus and CoNS isolates underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the disk diffusion method. Polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the presence of blaZ, aacA-aphD, msrA, tetK, gyrA, grlA, dfrG, and cfr antimicrobial-resistant genes. Methicillin resistance was identified through the detection of a cefoxitin -resistant phenotype and the presence of mecA gene. Further investigation was conducted on the agr group of S. aureus isolates. Results: In 67 abscesses, we found 19 S. aureus isolates in 9 abscesses (13.43%) and 37 CoNS isolates in 18 abscesses (26.87%), both majorly located at subcutaneous sites. About 59.46% of CoNS isolates were methicillin-resistant compared to 5.26% of S. aureus isolates. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant CoNS (MRCoNS) both displayed multidrug resistance (MDR). Both MRSA and MRCoNS expressed multiple antimicrobial resistance genes, including blaZ, aacA-aphD, gyrA, grlA, msrA, tetK, and dfrG. Approximately 73.68% of the agr groups were agr I, 15.79% were agr III, and 10.53% were agr II. Conclusion: This study found a high prevalence of MRCoNS with antimicrobial resistance and multiple antimicrobial-resistant genes in rabbits with clinical abscesses. The effectiveness of antibiotics against infections caused by such strains is a matter of concern. Owners should be educated about the importance of good hygiene practices and judicious antibiotic use to prevent widespread antimicrobial resistance. Keywords: antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial resistance genes, coagulase-negative staphylococci, rabbit, Staphylococcus aureus.

The existence of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress surrounding amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), has been demonstrated and may result in the activation of neuronal death and inhibition of neurogenesis. Therefore, dysregulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress is one possible therapeutic target for AD. Kaempferia parviflora Wall. ex Baker (KP), a member of the Zingiberaceae family, possesses health-promoting benefits including anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammation in vitro and in vivo with a high level of safety; however, the role of KP in suppressing Aβ-mediated neuroinflammation and neuronal differentiation has not yet been investigated. The neuroprotective effects of KP extract against Aβ₄₂ have been examined in both monoculture and co-culture systems of mouse neuroectodermal (NE-4C) stem cells and BV-2 microglia cells. Our results showed that fractions of KP extract containing 5,7-dimethoxyflavone, 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, and 3,5,7,3′,4′-pentamethoxyflavone protected neural stem cells (both undifferentiated and differentiated) and microglia activation from Aβ₄₂-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in both monoculture and co-culture system of microglia and neuronal stem cells. Interestingly, KP extracts also prevented Aβ₄₂-suppressed neurogenesis, possibly due to the contained methoxyflavone derivatives. Our data indicated the promising role of KP in treating AD through the suppression of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress induced by Aβ peptides.

Background and Aim: Methicillin-resistant globally, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major cause of disease in both humans and animals. Several studies have documented the presence of MRSA in healthy and infected animals. However, there is less information on MRSA occurrence in exotic pets, especially healthy rabbits. This study aimed to look into the antimicrobial resistance profile, hidden antimicrobial-resistant genes in isolated bacteria, and to estimate prevalence of MRSA in healthy rabbits. Materials and Methods: Two-hundreds and eighteen samples, including 42 eyes, 44 ears, 44 oral, 44 ventral thoracic, and 44 perineal swabs, were taken from 44 healthy rabbits that visited the Prasu-Arthorn Animal Hospital, in Nakornpathom, Thailand, from January 2015 to March 2016. The traditional methods of Gram stain, mannitol fermentation, hemolysis on blood agar, catalase test, and coagulase production were used to confirm the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in all specimens. All bacterial isolates were determined by antimicrobial susceptibility test by the disk diffusion method. The polymerase chain reaction was used to identify the antimicrobial-resistant genes (blaZ, mecA, aacA-aphD, msrA, tetK, gyrA, grlA, and dfrG) in isolates of MRSA with a cefoxitin-resistant phenotype. Results: From 218 specimens, 185 S. aureus were isolated, with the majority of these being found in the oral cavity (29.73%) and ventral thoracic area (22.7%), respectively. Forty-seven (25.41%) MRSAs were found in S. aureus isolates, with the majority of these being found in the perineum (16, 34.04%) and ventral thoracic area (13, 27.66%) specimens. Among MRSAs, 29 (61.7%) isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. Most of MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin (100%), followed by ceftriaxone (44.68%) and azithromycin (44.68%). In addition, these bacteria contained the most drug-resistance genes, blaZ (47.83%), followed by gyrA (36.17%) and tetK (23.4%). Conclusion: This study revealed that MRSA could be found even in healthy rabbits. Some MRSAs strains were MDR–MRSA, which means that when an infection occurs, the available antibiotics were not effective in treating it. To prevent the spread of MDR–MRSA from pets to owners, it may be helpful to educate owners about effective prevention and hygiene measures.

Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection is an important acute diarrheal disease of swine that results in economic and industrial losses worldwide. The clinical manifestations in infected piglets are severe diarrhea, dehydration with milk curd indigestion, leading to death. The diagnosis of PEDV is essential for monitoring and managing the disease. PEDV can be detected and identified by serology and the nucleic acid of the virus in clinical samples. Therefore, a novel isothermal amplification and detection technique, reverse transcription-recombinase polymerase amplification couple nucleic acid lateral flow (RT-RPA-NALF) was developed for the rapid detection of PEDV. Qualitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was established as the gold standard assay to compare results. Specific primer pairs and probes were designed, and RT-RPA conditions were optimized to amplify the M gene of PEDV. The established RT-RPA-NALF assay could finish in 25 min at a temperature of 42 °C and the amplicon interpreted by visual detection. The developed RT-RPA-NALF assay was specific to the M gene of PEDV, did not detect other common swine diarrhea pathogens, and showed minimal detection at 10² TCID₅₀/mL PEDV. The RT-RPA-NALF assay can detect PEDV in 5 simulated fecal samples. Furthermore, in 60 clinical fecal samples, the results of RT-RPA-NALF correlated with RT-qPCR assay, which provides sensitivity of 95.65% and specificity of 100%, with a coincident rate of 98.33%. The rapid RT-RPA-NALF is simple and rapid, increases high sensitivity, and can be used in the field.

Staphylococcus argenteus , a novel species of the genus Staphylococcus or a member of the S. aureus complex, is closely related to S. aureus and is usually misidentified. In this study, the presence of S. argenteus in isolated S. aureus was investigated in 67 rabbits with abscess lesions during 2014–2016. Among 19 S. aureus complex isolates, three were confirmed to be S. argenteus by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene amplification, and multilocus sequence type. All S. aureus complex isolates, including the S. aureus isolates, were examined for their antimicrobial resistance phenotype by disk diffusion and for their resistance genotype by PCR assays. Among the S. argenteus isolates, one was susceptible to all antimicrobial drugs and the other two were resistant to penicillin and doxycycline. In contrast, most S. aureus isolates were resistant to penicillin (37.5%), and gentamicin (12.5%). Moreover, S. aureus isolates harbored the bla Z, mec A, aac A ‐aph D, and mrs (A) as well as mutations of gyr A and grl A, but S. argenteus isolates carried solely the bla Z. S. argenteus isolates were investigated for enterotoxin ( sea ‐ sed ) and virulence genes by PCR. One isolate carried sea , sec, and sed , whereas the other two isolates carried only sea or sed . No isolate carried seb and see . All three S. argenteus isolates carried hla , hlb, and clf A, followed by pvl , whereas coa , spa (IgG‐binding region), and spa (x region) were not detected in the three isolates. This paper presents the first identification of S. argenteus from rabbits in Thailand. S. argenteus might be pathogenic because the isolates carried virulence genes. Moreover, antimicrobial resistance was observed. Investigations of this new bacterial species should be conducted in other animal species as well as in humans.

Hepato- and nephrotoxicity can be induced by the exposure to cadmium (Cd). This toxicity can be detected by the elevation of blood biomarkers such as ALT AST, ALP BUN and creatinine. These elevations are found in small animals, e.g. mice and rats. However the alteration of biomarkers did not investigate in large animals, e.g. cattle. Hepato- and nephrotoxicity induced by cadmium can also be examined by the alterations of metallothionein (MT) and metal transcription factor-1 (MTF-1). To present study the expressions of these markers, the cattle were classified into five groups according to the levels of cadmium in the kidneys. ALT, AST andALP were analyzed to determine liver damage whereas BUN and creatinine were examined for kidney damage. The results showed that blood biomarkers were not sensitive enough to be correlated markers to cadmium induced hepato- and nephrotoxicity in cattle. The expressions of MT and MTF-1 protein were investigated by immunofluorescence method. The expressions of MT and MTF-1 proteins were firstly found in the cattle group which had low cadmium concentration in tissues (< 0.5 mg/kg). Thus, these proteins could be used as the sensitive markers to determine the cadmium exposure. The MT and MTF-1 gene expressions were also studied. However, there was no correlation between the level of RNA and the protein expressions due to the concentration of protein levels bearing unclear relationship with the mRNA level. The investigation of these protein expressions is very useful because the result can be used as a protective method to prevent consumption of cadmium-contaminated beef.

The present study showed the correlation between undercarboxylated osteocalcin and vitamin D had a role in production of the undercarboxylated osteocalcin, when the amount of vitamin D 25 (OH) D, (below 30 ng/ml) was decreased, the linear correlation (r) between the vitamin D and undercarboxylated osteocalcin were also decreased r = 0.032 when the level of vitamin D was risen, the linear correlation was 0.274,unfortunately the study-population had little group of the normal level of vitamin D due to most of them were vitamin D insufficiency so the authors could not show the more value of 'r'. However, the present study confirmed that the role of vitamin D information of undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOC) which we recognized the UcOC at the low level of vitamin D will misinterpretation of the level of vitamin K2.

There are several circulating bone markers that are useful for physicians in determining the bone quality. The markers are composed of N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP) which determines the bone formation, undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOC) and N-mid fragment of osteocalcin (N-MID) which determines the bone remodeling, C-telopeptide of type I collagen (betaPCTx) or betacrosslap (betaCTx), pyridinoline (PYD) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) which determines the bone resorption. The vitamin named vitamin D (VitD) also affects the bone property. However there is little information about the relationship of these biomarkers. In this experiment, the researchers investigated the correlation of the circulating biomarkers and found the correlations between UcOC and betaCTx (r = 0.471, p = 0.011), between UcOC and Vit D (r = 0.39, p = 0.04), between N-MID and PINP (r = 0.833, p = 0.000), between N-MID and PCTx (r = 0.641, p = 0.000) and lastly between PINP and betaCTx (r = 0.657, p = 0.000) in the male group whereas the correlations between UcOC and PYD (r = 0.318, p = 0.043), between UcOC and DPD (r = 0.551, p = 0.008), between N-MID and PINP (r = 0.721, p = 0.000), between N-MID and PCTx (r = 0.719, p = 0.000), between N-MID and PYD (r = 0.485, p = 0.001), between N-MID and Vit D (r = 0.347, p = 0.026), between PINP and JCTx (r = 0.632, p = 0.000), between PINP and PYD (r = 0.312, p = 0.047), between bCTx and PYD (r = 0.365, p = 0.019), between PYD and DPD (r = 0.567, p = 0.006) and lastly between PYD and Vit D (r = 0.409, p = 0.008) were found in the females. In addition, the new biomolecule named matrix Gla protein (MGP), a small protein produced by bone tissues was also investigated. The authors found the correlation between MGP and PYD (r = 0.468, p = 0.012) in the males and found the correlations between UcOC and MGP (r = 0.421, p = 0.006), between N-MID and MGP (r = 0.333, p = 0.033), between MGP and PYD (r = 0.471, p = 0.002), between MGP and DPD (r = 0.472, p = 0.026) in the female group.