Papiya Mitra Mazumder

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common and disabling complication of diabetes that is largely treated symptomatically. Chronic neuroinflammation in the peripheral nerve, dorsal root ganglion, and blood-nerve barrier (BNB) may contribute to disease progression, making the peripheral neuroimmune interface a potential therapeutic target. A literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar was conducted for January 2005-July 2026, supplemented by reference-list hand-searching and prioritization of recent studies. This review examines neuroinflammatory mechanisms in DPN, including macrophage activation, Schwann-cell dysfunction, NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, and BNB impairment. It also evaluates peripheral-targeted nanomedicine and advanced drug delivery systems, including lipid and polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, exosomes, hydrogels, and microneedles. Preclinical evidence suggests that inadequate endoneurial drug exposure is a plausible pharmacokinetic barrier to disease modification in DPN, although its contribution to clinical treatment failure remains unconfirmed. Peripheral-targeted nanomedicine offers a rational strategy to improve drug delivery to regions of neuroinflammation. Standardized preclinical models, sex-specific analyses, biomarker-informed trials, scalable manufacturing, and rigorous clinical validation will be critical for translation.

Ficus geniculata Kurz (Putkal) possesses medicinal values and has traditionally been used to treat various ailments. Irrespective of the traditional utility, the quantitative and qualitative investigation of phytoconstituents in F. geniculata was not reported. Moreover, the pharmacological potential of this Ficus species remains unexplored. So, the aim of this study is to address this research gap with scientifically validated methodologies. The dried leaves were extracted by cold maceration and ultrasonic extraction using different solvents. The extracts were fractioned using solvents of different polarity. Phytochemical screening of the fractions was performed and polyphenolic fingerprinting was performed using TLC, HPTLC, HPTLC‐MS, and GC–MS. In vitro biological analysis of the fractions was performed to determine the antioxidant (IC ₅₀ value for DPPH 24.59 ± 1.20 µg/mL and IC ₅₀ value for ABTS 17.59 ± 0.82 µg/mL) and anti‐inflammatory efficacy (IC ₅₀ value for heat induce hemolysis 59.79 ± 1.29 µg/mL and IC ₅₀ value for protein denaturation assay 69.66 ± 2.77 µg/mL). The qualitative screening revealed the presence of major classes of phytochemicals. A comparative in vitro pharmacological assay proved that the ethyl acetate fraction showed significant activity (* p < 0.05) as compared to other fractions. Polyphenolic fingerprinting of the ethyl acetate fraction with various standards proved the possible presence of ferulic acid and quercetin. However, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the efficacy of this plant fraction.

Acute lung injury (ALI) and ischemic hypoxia (IH) remain significant clinical challenges due to their pathophysiologically linked conditions characterized by uncontrolled inflammation, alveolar damage and severe oxygen deprivation. Despite the high disease burden, therapeutic options remain extremely limited, with Pentoxifylline (PTX) being one of the few available pharmacological agents offering only moderate efficacy; however, its limited therapeutic reach and adverse effects highlight a critical gap in the current pharmacological landscape and underscore the necessity for innovative, mechanism-driven therapeutic alternatives. This study investigates a novel repurposing strategy by evaluating the potential of Roxadustat (RXT), a hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor (HIF-PHI), initially approved for anemia in chronic kidney disease, in comparison with PTX, using an in silico multi-omics approach. We employed data mining from DrugBank, GeneCards and SwissADME to identify intersecting targets of both drugs with ALI and IH. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, KEGG pathway enrichment and hub gene analyses revealed a distinct mechanistic advantage of RXT, revealing its significant engagement with key signaling pathways, especially EGFR and HIF-1[ ], as opposed to PTX. This mechanistic novelty is further validated through molecular docking, which confirmed higher binding affinities of RXT with EGFR and HIF-1[ ], indicating its stronger interactions than PTX. Molecular dynamics simulations over 100 ns further confirmed the greater stability and persistent residue-specific interactions of RXT-EGFR and RXT-HIF-1[ ] complexes through RMSD, RMSF, and protein–ligand contact analyses. RXT consistently exhibited stronger and more stable interactions with critical residues, indicating greater pharmacodynamic potential. These findings are reinforced by the KEGG analysis, which highlights engagement of RXT with the HIF-1[ ] signaling pathway, which is absent in PTX. Overall, the study results demonstrate RXT as a mechanistically relevant and pharmacodynamically strong candidate for drug repurposing with a superior prospect for managing ALI and IH. This study lays the groundwork for future preclinical validation and encourages translational exploration of RXT in hypoxia-related pulmonary conditions and disorders.

Background Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are associated with a multifactorial complicated aetiology that is often coexisting and has a strong and distinct connection with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In order to accomplish effective and appropriate therapeutic strategies, a deeper understanding of the bidirectional interaction between NAFLD patients, NAFLD patients with T2DM, and NAFLD patients with CVDs is required to control the concomitant rise in prevalence of these conditions worldwide. This article also aims to shed light on the epidemiology and mechanisms behind the relationship between T2DM, NAFLD and the related cardiovascular consequences. Method Literature was collected from PubMed, Medline, Embase, Web of Science and Google scholar from inception to June, 2024. For surveying literature different combinations and formats of terms including NAFLD, NASH, T2DM and CVDs were used. Results In the recent decade, clinical and epidemiological studies have been conducted and provide strong evidence that NAFLD is closely linked with CVD progression along with associated morbidity and mortality in both patients with and without T2DM. Several mechanistic approaches contribute to cardiovascular consequences and abnormalities in cardiac biomarkers in T2DM and NAFLD patients, including adipose tissue malfunction, mitochondrial dysfunction, the microbiota, genetic and epigenetic alterations contributing to insulin resistance, glucotoxicity and lipotoxicity. Conclusion The study reveals a complex interplay between diabetes, hepatic and cardiovascular complications, leading to significant morbidity and mortality in diabetic and NAFLD patients. This pandemic necessitates further research to identify mitigating variables and develop effective treatment approaches. Graphical abstract

Numerous flavonoids have been identified in citrus fruits which show potential to cure several complex diseases. These natural polyphenolic bioactive compounds are the secondary metabolites of various plants, among which naringenin has been explored in several pre-clinical research for its beneficial role in promoting health by modulating various biochemical processes. Its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial effects have been projected toward healing of wounds. Further, its application has also been shown to regrow vascular networks, which are known to facilitate the healing of chronic wounds. Thus, the potential of naringenin to modulate various molecular pathways aids in the healing process of wounds. Considering the recent literature, an update has been attempted to present the correlation between the healing mechanisms of wounds by the application of naringenin. Furthermore, the application of naringenin is challenging because of its properties of poor solubility and limited permeability, which can be overcome by the nanotechnology platform. Thus, several nanocarriers that have been employed for the improvement of naringenin delivery are highlighted. Thereby, it can be concluded that a suitable nanocarrier of naringenin could be an effective tool in treating wounds to improve the quality of life of such patients. Graphical abstract

Background: Neurological diseases represent a pressing global health concern; the World Health Organization reports that neurological conditions rank as the second leading cause of death worldwide. In the last quarter century, we have witnessed a remarkable 36% surge in global neurological mortality rates. Several factors, including oxidative stress, genetic variability, natural aging process, inflammation, hypertension, diabetes, infections, vitamin deficiencies, metabolic imbalances, chemical exposures, endocrine disorders, and dietary supplements, are implicated in the initiation and progression of various neurological diseases. Objectives: This comprehensive review aims to shed light on the neuroprotective attributes of distinct Ficus and their phytoconstituents that have been harnessed for treating neurological diseases and demonstrating neuroprotective effects. Methodology: A literature search was conducted to obtain information about the study of neurological disease and their treatment using database and search engine like Google Scholar, ResearchGate, monograph, reference book, SciFinder, PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and ScienceDirect. Results: Ficus species have exhibited remarkable neuroprotective qualities through various mechanisms of action. Moreover, these plants contain a diversity of bioactive such as flavonoids, polyphenols, terpenoids, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, sterols, and vitamins that proven effective in enhancing memory, reducing anxiety, increasing neurotransmitter levels, mitigating neurodegeneration, and playing pivotal roles in neuroprotection. Conclusion: This review consolidates the promising potential of Ficus species in the treatment of neurological diseases, paving the way for future scientific research in the development of novel herbal neuroprotective medications.

Diabetes is one of the common endocrine disorders generally characterized by elevated levels of blood sugar. It can originate either from the inability of the pancreas to synthesize insulin, which is considered as an autoimmune disorder, or the reduced production of insulin, considered as insulin resistivity. A wound can be defined as a condition of damage to living tissues including skin, mucous membrane and other organs as well. Wounds get complicated with respect to time based on specific processes like diabetes mellitus, obesity and immunocompromised conditions. Proper growth and functionality of the epidermis gets sustained due to impaired diabetic wound healing which shows a sign of dysregulated wound healing process. In comparison with synthetic medications, phytochemicals like flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides have gained enormous importance relying on their distinct potential to heal diabetic wounds. Flavonoids are one of the most promising and important groups of natural compounds which can be used to treat acute as well as chronic wounds. Flavonoids show excellent properties due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in their chemical structure, which makes this class of compounds different from others. Based on the novel principles of nanotechnology via utilizing suitable drug delivery systems, the delivery of bioactive constituents from plant source amplifies the wound-healing mechanism, minimizes complexities and enhances bioavailability. Hence, the encapsulation and applicability of flavonoids with an emphasis on mechanistic route and wound-healing therapeutics have been highlighted in the subsequent study with focus on multiple drug delivery systems. Graphical Abstract