Jeong Ryeol Choi

Controlling hierarchical organization across multiple length scales is a central challenge in materials science. Microspherical architectures offer powerful platforms for addressing this challenge because their confined geometry enables the integration of nanoscale interfaces, internal porosity, and structural hierarchy within a single functional unit. These features have driven extensive exploration of microspheres for applications in biomedicine, catalysis, photonics, and energy systems. However, the mechanistic connections between microsphere formation pathways and emergent functionality remain fragmented, limiting predictive materials design. Here, we present a unified perspective on morphology-controlled microspheres by integrating thermodynamic principles, kinetic processes, and hierarchical materials design. We examine key formation mechanisms, including nucleation, growth dynamics, phase separation, Ostwald ripening, and interfacial energy regulation, and analyze how major fabrication strategies such as sol–gel processing, hydrothermal synthesis, spray assembly, emulsification, and co-precipitation govern nanoscale organization and structural evolution. By linking formation mechanisms with functional outcomes, this Review establishes general design principles and highlights emerging opportunities for predictive nanoarchitectonic engineering of microsphere-based functional materials.

Bismuth-doped graphitic carbon nitride (Bi-g-C3N4) photocatalysts were synthesized via a solid-state thermal method, and the influence of Bi loading (2–10 wt %) on their structural, textural, optical, electrochemical, and photocatalytic properties was systematically investigated. Bi incorporation induced a porous morphology and localized structural modification while preserving the intrinsic heptazine framework of g-C3N4. Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis revealed enhanced surface area and pore development, while UV–Vis spectroscopy indicated a pronounced red shift in optical absorption with a reduced apparent optical transition energy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) demonstrated a substantially lower charge-transfer resistance for the optimized BiCN-10% sample, indicating improved interfacial electron transport. Under simulated solar irradiation, BiCN-10% achieved approximately 97.6% Rhodamine B degradation within 75 min with an apparent rate constant of 2.977 h–1, representing a 3.8-fold enhancement over pristine g-C3N4. Reactive-species trapping experiments identified photogenerated electrons as the dominant contributors to the degradation process. The enhanced photocatalytic performance is attributed to the synergistic effects of improved visible-light harvesting, enhanced charge-transfer characteristics, and Bi-induced structural and morphological modifications. Although complementary spectroscopic studies are required to fully elucidate the electronic structure, the present results demonstrate that controlled Bi incorporation is an effective strategy for improving the solar-driven photocatalytic performance of g-C3N4-based materials for environmental remediation.

In this work, the dynamics of quark–antiquark pair systems is investigated by modeling them as general time-dependent 3D oscillators perturbed by a Coulomb potential. Solving this model enables the prediction of key mesonic properties such as the probability density, energy spectra, and quadrature uncertainties, offering theoretical insights into the confinement of quarks via gluon-mediated strong interactions. To tackle the mathematical difficulty raised by the time dependence of parameters in the system, special mathematical techniques, such as the invariant operator method, unitary transformation method, and the Nikiforov–Uvarov functional analysis are used. The wave functions of the system, derived using these mathematical techniques, are expressed analytically in terms of the Gauss hypergeometric function whose mathematical properties are well characterized. Our results provide the quantum-mechanical framework of quark–antiquark systems that are essential for exploring the nonperturbative aspects of quantum chromodynamics. In addition, the underlying mathematical structure may serve as a foundation for addressing broader challenges in particle physics, including the origin of mass and its connection to the Higgs mechanism.

The study investigate control of the optical force and its modification with variation of the driving field’s strength in the system levels of the chiral medium for left and right circular polarized light. In addition to orbital and magnetic and spin quantum numbers of applied fields, significant vector field arrows of optical force in chiral media are examined using spatial coordinates, detuning , Rabi frequency and decay rates. The parameters of the probe and control fields’ detuning along with their decay rates and phases are provided to determine the optical force in chiral medium both for left and right circularly polarized fields. The optical force is a function of orbital, magnetic and spin quantum numbers. Using phase, detuning, and Rabi frequency of the control fields as variables, the minimum value of optical force measure is 0.003pN for probe detuning and spatial coordinate while the maximum value of optical force for normalized detuning and transverse radial coordinate is measured to be 0.2pN. Potential uses of optical force in fundamental optics, molecular physics, optomechanics, material science, nanoscience, quantum physics, radar, waveguide, antennas and optical tweezers technology are demonstrated by the results.

This study focuses on achieving high photocatalytic activity using MoS₂/TiO₂ heterostructures (MOT). To this end, MoS₂ and TiO₂ were synthesized by employing hydrothermal synthesis techniques, and then MoS₂/TiO₂ heterostructures were synthesized by using 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 ratios of MoS₂ and TiO₂, respectively. While the structural and electronic changes for the 1:2 and 1:3 ratios were relatively minor, significant modifications in bandgaps and morphology were observed for the 1:1 and 1:4 ratios. Thus, this study presents a comparative analysis of the photocatalytic performance of the 1:1 (MOT11) and 1:4 (MOT14) heterostructures. The formation of these heterostructures was confirmed through Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Notably, the bandgaps of MOT11 and MOT14 were red-shifted to 1.66–1.25 eV and 1.01–1.68 eV, respectively, indicating improved visible-light absorption capabilities. The photocatalytic activity of MOT11 and MOT14 was evaluated through the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under simulated solar irradiation. MOT11 demonstrated a high degradation efficiency of 98.9% within 60 min, while MOT14 achieved 98.21% degradation after 90 min of irradiation. The significance of this study lies in its demonstration that a facile synthesis route and a small proportion of MoS₂ in the heterostructure can achieve excellent photocatalytic degradation performance under solar light. After MS-analysis, S-Scheme has been suggested, which has also been complimented by the scavenger tests. Additionally, the improved photocatalytic properties of MOT11 and MOT14 suggest their potential for future applications in hydrogen generation and water splitting, offering a pathway towards sustainable and clean energy production.