Joni Agustian

Synthesis of MCF silica is presently conducted solely using TEOS and TMB, with the purpose of immobilizing amylolytic enzymes. Utilizing BBA and KCl to create the salt-assisted MCF silica present a viable option for converting a natural waste into an effective enzyme carrier, given its substantial silica content. The objectives were to produce the MCF silica, to employee the MCF silica as the glucoamylase carrier, and to know characteristics of the immobilized enzyme by conducting hydrolysis of starches. The carrier had surface area of 45.5 m2 g-1, pore volume of 0.12 cm3 g-1, pore size of 9.3 nm, and mesoporous silica type IV. Reduction in the carrier pore diameter and the medium to strong FTIR vibrations indicated free glucoamylase immobilization on carrier. The immobilization reached 88.5% efficiency, influenced by factors such as initial enzyme concentration, PO₄ buffer pH, and temperature, with agitation speed having a minor impact. This optimum value was obtained at the initial enzyme concentration of 9.0 mg mL-1, agitation speed of 120 rpm, buffer pH of 5.5, and temperature of 30°C. Hydrolysis of starches (tapioca, wheat, potato, corn) resulted in Dextrose Equivalent (DE) values ranging from 5.1% to 63.9%, with the immobilized glucoamylase showing better performance in potato starch hydrolysis (DE of 63.9%) and corn starch (DE of 45.6%). The use of BBA in synthesis of the salt-assisted MCF silica proved to be a viable and sustainable alternative for enzyme immobilization, with potential applications in industrial starch hydrolysis.

The industrial production of palm oil generates substantial amounts of Spent Bleaching Earth (SBE), a waste byproduct from the bleaching process. In Malaysia and Indonesia, SBE is typically landfilled, causing environmental risks such as greenhouse gas emissions and contamination. Wastewater from the rubber industry also contains harmful pollutants that require effective treatment. This study proposes a sustainable solution by converting SBE into carbon composites (CCs) for treating rubber industry wastewater. Characterization of CCs using XRD, BET, FESEM, and FTIR revealed its porous structure, high surface area, and functional groups, contributing to excellent adsorption properties. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimized treatment conditions, determining 90.56 min of contact time and 0.75 g of adsorbent weight as optimal for maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) and turbidity removal. Quadratic models showed R² values of 0.8828 for COD removal and 0.8336 for turbidity reduction, with numerical optimization achieving 90.30% COD reduction and 49.02% turbidity removal. Verification experiments confirmed model reliability with minimal deviation (0.37%). These findings demonstrate the potential of SBE-derived CCs as an eco-friendly solution for environmental challenges in the palm oil and rubber industries.

Immobilizations of several free amylolytic enzymes have been conducted on many enzymes supports such as mesoporous siliceous-based materials and their modificat Immobilizations of several free amylolytic enzymes have been conducted on many enzymes supports such as mesoporous siliceous-based materials and their modificat

Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri (SMAN) 2 Bandar Lampung aktif berpartisipasi dalam Lomba Anugerah Inovasi Daerah (LAID) Provinsi Lampung dengan prestasi yang baik.  Kendati pada tahun 2023 ini tim Sekolah yang dikirim tidak berhasil menjadi juara Lomba tersebut, pada tahun lalu, tim peneliti muda yang diikutsertakan dalam LAID 2022 berhasil menjadi juara pertama kategori pelajar.  Pada tahun 2017, tim Sekolah mendapatkan juara kedua kategori pelajar pada Lomba ini.  Lomba yang diselenggarakan oleh Badan Penelitian, Pengembangan dan Inovasi Daerah (Balitbangnovda) Provinsi Lampung diawali dengan seleksi naskah artikel/karya tulis ilmiah, sehingga hanya naskah artikel yang disusun dengan baik yang mencerminkan kecemerlangan ide dapat lolos ke tahap selanjutnya.  Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka Tim Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Fakultas Teknik Universitas Lampung (PkM FT Unila) mempertimbangkan perlunya membantu pihak SMAN 2 Bandar Lampung dalam penyusunan/presentasi karya tulis penelitian dan hasilnya melalui Pelatihan Kiat Penelitian dan Ilustrasi Karya Tulis Ilmiah.  Setelah pertemuan dengan pihak Sekolah, Tim PkM FT Unila Menyusun materi yang dibutuhkan dalam Pelatihan ini.  Sebelum, selama, dan sesudah pelaksanaan Pelatihan, dilakukan evaluasi kepada para peserta (pelajar).  Metode Participatory Appraisal diterapkan dalam pembelajaran ini.  Peningkatan pemahaman yang tinggi dari siswa eksakta diperoleh.  Seluruh pelajar (100%) dapat memahami dengan baik formulasi Pendahuluan karya tulis ilmiah, ragam/jenis rancangan percobaan, penelitian OFAT, pengaturan tampilan ilustrasi untuk artikel/karya tulis ilmiah.  Namun, hanya sebagian siswa (50-60%) yang memahami dengan benar subyek komposisi Pendahuluan dan preparasi ilustrasi artikel.

In the production of ethanol, starches are converted into reducing sugars by liquefaction and saccharification processes, which mainly use soluble amylases. These processes are considered wasteful operations as operations to recover the enzymes are not practical economically so immobilizations of amylases to perform both processes appear to be a promising way to obtain more stable and reusable enzymes, to lower costs of enzymatic conversions, and to reduce enzymes degradation/contamination. Although many reviews on enzyme immobilizations are found, they only discuss immobilizations of α-amylase immobilizations on nanoparticles, but other amylases and support types are not well informed or poorly stated. As the knowledge of the developed supports for most amylase immobilizations being used in starch hydrolysis is important, a review describing about their preparations, characteristics, and applications is herewith presented. Based on the results, two major groups were discovered in the last 20 years, which include conventional and magnetic-based supports. Furthermore, several strategies for preparation and immobilization processes, which are more advanced than the previous generation, were also revealed. Although most of the starch hydrolysis processes were conducted in batches, opportunities to develop continuous reactors are offered. However, the continuous operations are difficult to be employed by magnetic-based amylases.

The unique properties of mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica such as, large pore size, continuous three-dimensional (3D) pore system and hydrothermal robust materialallow favorable conditions for incorporating active sites to produce modified MCF silica as catalysts, biocatalysts and adsorbents. Recently, the modified MCF silicas were reported to be efficient catalysts for the hydrogenation of phenylacetylene, heck coupling reaction of arylboronic acid, etc. Biocatalysts derived from modified MCF silicas were found to be a potential to convert glucose to gluconic acid, hydrolysis of N-benzoyl-DLarginine-p-nitroanilide (BAPNA) and casein, transesterification of racemic 1 phenyl- ethanol and hydrolytic, etc. Several separation processes such as CO₂ capture and adsorption of L-tryptophan, lysozyme and bovine serum were sucessfully conducted using adsorbents derived from modified MCF silicas. This paper reviews the synthesis of the MCF silica material and the incorporation of active sites or immobilization of enzymes in the MCF silica material. Additionally, a detailed understanding of the characterization of the modified MCF silicas, which includes pore size, active sites/enzymes sizes, amount of active sites/enzymes bound with the MCF silica, was also discussed to obtain their potentialities as catalysts, biocatalysts and adsorbents. The review also describes recent progress on the applications of the MCF silica.

Mesoporous size siliceous-based materials have been associated with immobilisation of free glucoamylase and soluble starches hydrolysis. As ethanol and other chemicals can be produced from insoluble feed such as tapioca, understanding of glucoamylase immobilised on mesostructured cellular foam (MCF) silica to hydrolyse the starch is required. To get the knowledge on this process for development of a large-scale operation, free glucoamylase SQzyme AGP was immobilised on MCF silica (9.2T-3D) by direct adsorption and used the product to hydrolyse tapioca. The free enzyme was able to be immobilised onto the carrier with the efficiencies of 39.20-84.84% where the operational factors of temperature, agitation speed and pH affected the immobilisation process highly. During the enzymatic hydrolysis, effects of temperature and agitation speed were high. The dextrose equivalent (DE) values of 1.21-81.70% were obtained. The optimum temperature and agitation speed were 70°C and 140 rpm. Other factors such as buffer pH, starch concentration and enzyme unit activity showed low effects on the hydrolysis process. Excellent DE were obtained at the conditions of pH, tapioca concentration and enzyme unit activity of 4.6, 3 mg mL⁻¹ and 2351 U, respectively.

As ethanol can be made from insoluble starches, liquefaction of tapioca using α-amylase immobilised on MCF-(9.2T-3D) silica is studied to observe characteristics of the process. The free a-amylase SQzyme BAP was immobilised on the support via adsorption. During immobilisation, temperature and and agitation speed showed low effects on the process, but pH of buffer solution affected the process highly. The optimum enzyme immobilisation occurred at the temperature of 50°C, pH 6 and speed of 60-100 rpm giving the immobilisation efficiency of more than 80%. Liquefaction of the insoluble starch (tapioca) was conducted with the immobilised α-amylase. The maximum result of ± 50% DE was obtained. The experimental factors of buffer pH, temperature and agitation speed changed the DE significantly, but concentration of immobilised enzyme and substrate affected the process lowly. The optimum pH, agitation speed, immobilised enzyme concentration and temperature were 6, 100 rpm, 84.8 U and 80°C, respectively.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of starches using free glucoamylase to reducing sugars have difficulties in recovering and recycling of the enzyme, hence immobilisation on inert supports were widely studied. However, effectiveness of the immobilised glucoamylase were merely observed only on soluble starches. It was considered a valuable thing to know performance of glucoamylase on Mesostructured Cellular Foam (MCF) silica in hydrolysing of tapioca. An optimised study on enzymatic hydrolysis of tapioca using glucoamylase on MCF silica (9.2T-3D) and its kinetics were described including justification of the predicted model as it was required to develop in large scale operations. Central Composite Design was used to model the process by studying effects of three factors on DE values after enzyme immobilisation. Immobilisation of glucoamylase on this support gave up to 82% efficiency with the specific activity of 1,856.78 U.g-1. Its used to hydrolysis of tapioca resulted DE values of 1.740-76.303% (w/w) where the highest DE was obtained at pH of 4.1, temperature of 70 ℃ and agitation speed of 140 rpm. The optimisation produced a polynomial quadratic model having insignificant lack-of-fit and low standard deviation, so that it was applicable and reliable in simulating the DE with only 0.80% of data were not described. Temperature affected the process highly, but the buffer pH, agitation speed and factorial interactions were considered not important. KM value for immobilised enzyme was better than the free glucoamylase, however, its reaction rate was slower than the free glucoamylase catalysis. Copyright © 2019 BCREC Group. All rights reserved