Jinqing Peng

As renewable energy penetration increases, mismatches between generation and demand lead to underutilization of clean energy, particularly in industrial parks with overlapping of building and process loads. To enhance system flexibility and renewable utilization, hybrid energy storage systems integrating electrical, thermal, and cooling storage technologies offer a promising solution. However, a scalable and generalizable design framework for such systems remains lacking. Here, we propose a general and scenario-adaptive design framework for hybrid energy storage systems. The framework encompasses five core stages: demand analysis, energy storage selection, energy system modeling, optimization design, and performance evaluation. We develop a hierarchical optimization method to jointly optimize equipment configuration and operation scheduling through iterative feedback between the two layers, achieving better scalability and robustness than existing collaborative approaches. The proposed framework is systematically evaluated across industrial parks spanning different climate zones and energy demand levels. Results show that the proposed framework significantly enhances energy cost savings (43.7%) and reduces carbon emissions (69.9%). This work provides a practical and transferable pathway for deploying hybrid energy storage systems in carbon-intensive sectors, thereby facilitating the low-carbon transition of industrial sectors.

The objective of the study is to investigate and optimize the solar flux uniformity of a fixed linear-focus Fresnel lens solar concentrator using a triangle cavity receiver. The effects of receiver parameters including the vertical distance from the cavity opening plane to the Fresnel lens f, receiver internal surface absorptivity α_ab, end reflection plane reflectivity ρ_r, solar declination angle δ and solar angle ω on the uniformity factor (UF) of a triangle cavity receiver were carried out. The effects of receiver parameters are evaluated with a significance test of critical factors. The results showed that the increase in f and δ would result in an increase in the UF. The average UF with f = 600, 625, 650, 675 and 700 mm, respectively, are 0.5030, 0.5858, 0.6337, 0.6576 and 0.6784 for ω in range of 0–60°. Moreover, the UF increases as α_ab decreases when other receiver parameters are constant for the δ of 0–8°. The ρ_r has a limited effect on the UF until δ becomes relatively larger and ω becomes relatively smaller. Furthermore, ω effects are most significant on the UF, followed by δ, f and α_ab. Setting a suitable f is the most economical and effective way to improve the UF.