Natalia N. Karpun

The brown marmorated stink bug Halyomorpha halys (Stål, 1855) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is a phytophagous species of oriental origin that became naturalized on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus over a decade ago. To curb the population of this alien pest, which is dangerous to many agricultural crops and has quarantine status, it is crucial to find effective solutions, with the greatest possible emphasis on the use of biological control agents, particularly entomoparasitic fungi (EPF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological effectiveness of the bioinsecticide Lovchiy, WP (based on infectious spores of strains of 4 species of EPF: Beauveria bassiana , Cordyceps farinosa , Akanthomyces muscarius and Metarhizium anisopliae ) on adult H. halys in field conditions in the humid subtropics of Russia. The experiment was conducted in 2021 and 2022 in a experimental orchard in the Khostinskiy district of Sochi on apple trees (cv. Prima), where this mycoinsecticide was used twice with an interval of 14 days in both growing seasons during fruit ripening at consumption rates of 4 and 8 kg/ha. Biological effi cacy was assessed by two indicators: the mortality of H. halys adults and a decrease in the number of damaged fetuses. As a result, it was shown that the double application of the bioinsecticide Lovchiy, WP with a consumption rate of 8 kg/ha (2.4×10[13] spores/ha, the concentration of spores in the working suspension during spraying 2.4×10[7] in 1 ml) led to a decrease in the number of live adults by 14 days after the second treatment an average of 97.4%. In variants using a bioinsecticide, the death of the pest from the development of a fungal infection was confirmed by the formation of mycelium with daughter sporulation of EPF on most dead bugs at high humidity, among which B. bassiana was dominant. It is important that with the double use of the bioinsecticide Lovchiy, WP at a consumption rate of 8 kg/ha, the level of biological efficiency was comparable to the effect of the chemical insecticide Borey Neo, SC (Etalon variant). According to observations, the motor and trophic activity of bedbugs infected with EPF decreased significantly long before their death, starting as early as 3-5 days. Due to this and, probably, the presence of the repellent effect of EPF spores, which causes insects to avoid treated surfaces, the number of damaged apple fruits decreased by an average of 77.5 % compared to the control variant.

Japanese flowering cherry (Prunus serrulata Lindl.) is a deciduous tree with great decorative value due to its splendid spring bloom. Flowering cherry is native to East Asia and is cultivated in many other parts of the world. Two trees with virus-like symptoms on leaves, denoted by S14 and S27, were found in the town of Sochi, Russia. Virome analysis of these trees using high-throughput sequencing revealed the presence of several viruses, including little cherry virus 2 (LChV-2), American plum line pattern virus (APLPV), and cherry virus A (CVA) in the S14 tree, as well as CVA, prune dwarf virus (PDV), and alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) in the S27 tree. Nearly complete genomes of the detected viruses have been recovered and characterized. In the S14 tree, CVA was represented by three diverse genotypes sharing 80.8–83.5% nt identity. The complete APLPV genome from flowering cherry has been first sequenced. AMV was detected on Prunus species for the first time. This is the first report of LChV-2 from Russia. Thus, PDV, APLPV, AMV, LChV-2, and CVA were first found on P. serrulata from Russia, adding to the information on their genetic diversity, host range, and global geographical distribution.

The cultivated apple is a traditional crop for Abkhazia. However, the humid subtropical climate here promotes the intensive development of fruit diseases, such as scab (caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) G. Winter) and moniliosis (caused by Monilinia fructigena (Pers.) Honey). Research efforts today are aimed at searching for formulations capable of enhancing the natural immunity of plants against these diseases. In this work, we assess the possibility of extending the protection system against apple scab and monilial rot by including a single treatment with growth regulators during the budding phase. The studies were conducted in 2022–2024 in Golden Rangers apple tree plantations in the Gulrypsh district of the Republic of Abkhazia using a generally accepted methodology. The immune-stimulating effect of the Zerebra agro©, Biosil©, and Stimmunol EF© growth regulators against fruit scab was observed in the second and third years of application. With regard to monilial rot, the effect was observed in the third year of application. Yantarin BAU© demonstrated an increased biological effectiveness against scab and moniliosis already after the first application. A single application of the Zerebra agro©, Biosil©, Stimmunol EF©, and Yantarin BAU© growth regulators during the budding period did not increase the apple yield. Energiya-M, KRP© did not exhibit an immune-stimulating effect against either scab or moniliosis. However, a single treatment of the plants with this preparation during the budding period resulted in a 23.4 % increase in the apple yield compared to the control.

ВОСПРИИМЧИВОСТЬ КОЛЛЕКЦИОННЫХ СОРТОВ ХУРМЫ (Diospyros L.) К ПОВРЕЖДЕНИЮ ИНВАЗИОННОЙ ЛОЖНОЩИТОВ-КОЙ Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798) В УСЛОВИЯХ СУБТРОПИКОВ РОССИИ Н.Н. Карпун, З.М. Омарова, Е.И. Шошина, О.Г. Белоу

RESISTANCE OF COLLECTION CULTIVARS OF PERSIMMON (Diospyros L.) TO DAMAGE BY THE INVASIVE SCALE Ceroplastes ceriferus (Fabricius, 1798) IN THE RUSSIAN SUBTROPICS N.N. Karpun, Z.M. Omarova, E.I. Shoshina, O.G. Belous

Географические культуры являются ценными объектами для прогнозирования последствий изменения климата для состояния лесных насаждений. Особенно важно изучение их реакции на такие факторы ослабления, как засуха и повышение средней температуры воздуха. Работы проводили в 2023 г. в географических культурах сосны обыкновенной Серебряноборского опытного лесничества Института лесоведения РАН (расположены западнее г. Москвы; возраст 73–75 лет). В этих культурах действуют очаги корневой губки (Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.), причем степень поражения разных климатипов не одинакова. По результатам изучения дендрохронологических образцов для всех климатипов установлена достоверная корреляция между индексами радиального прироста и трем метеопараметрам: сумма осадков за вегетационный период, сумма осадков за июль, влагообеспеченность вегетационного периода (ГТК). В большей степени на величину прироста влияет влагообеспеченность вегетационного периода: сосны разного происхождения дружно снижают радиальный прирост при наступлении засушливых условий. Между значениями ГТК и величиной индекса прироста выявлена связь умеренной силы: у разных климатипов коэффициент корреляции с уровнем значимости 0,05 составляет от 0,37 (Московская и Брестская области) до 0,51 (Алтайский край). Не выявлено значимой связи между среднегодовой температурой воздуха и величиной индексов прироста. Влияние погодно-климатических факторов на величину прироста наиболее заметно у климатипов из Бурятии и Алтайского края, пораженных корневой губкой в большей степени, чем остальные обследованные климатипы. Для них выявлено наибольшее число достоверных значений коэффициентов корреляции. Это свидетельствует об их сравнительно высокой чувствительности к метеоусловиям района выращивания. Более выраженный отклик прироста на засуху также отмечен у климатипов с относительно высоким уровнем поражения корневой губкой (Бурятия и Алтайский край). Ослабление деревьев, вызванное дефицитом осадков, наиболее вероятно стало причиной подверженности этих климатипов заболеванию. Geographic provenance trials are valuable objects for predicting the effects of climate change on the condition of forest stands. It is especially important to study their response to such damage factors as drought and temperature rise. The work was carried out in 2023 in Scots pine provenance trials in the Serebryanoborskoe experimental forestry of the Institute of Forest Science of the Russian Academy of Sciences (located west of Moscow; aged 73–75 years). These pine plantations are affected by annosum root rot (Heterobasidion annosum (Fr.) Bref.), and the degree of damage to different climatypes is different. Based on the results of the study of dendrochronological samples for all climatypes, a reliable correlation was established between the radial growth indices and three meteorological parameters: the amount of precipitation during the growing season, the amount of precipitation in July, and the moisture supply of the growing season. The growth rate is largely influenced by moisture availabi-lity during the growing season: pines identically reduce radial growth when drought conditions set in. A moderate correlation was found between the moisture supply of the growing season and the growth index value: for different climatypes, the correlation coefficient with a significance level of 0.01 ranges from 0.37 (Brest region, Belarus) to 0.51 (Altai region, Russia). No significant relationship was found between the average annual air temperature and the growth indices. The influence of weather and climate factors on the growth rate is most noticeable in climatypes from Buryatia and the Altai region, which are affected by annosum root rot to a greater extent than the other examined climatypes. The largest number of reliable values of the correlation coefficients was found for them. This indicates their comparatively high meteorological sensitivity. A more noticeable response of growth to drought was in climatypes with a relatively high level of damage by annosum root rot (Buryatia and the Altai region). Most likely the weakening of trees caused by a deficit of precipitation was the reason for the susceptibility of these climatypes to the disease.

Юг европейской части России и пограничные с ним регионы являются привлекательным местом для чужеродных вредителей благодаря теплому климату и разнообразию растительности. Объектами исследования стали выявленные в регионе в 2020–2023 гг. Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott, 1874) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae), Pochazia shantungensis (Chou et Lu, 1977) (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Ricaniidae), Haritalodes derogata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae),Coptodisca lucifluella (Clemens, 1860) (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae) и Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff, 1876) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae). Исследования проводились маршрутным методом на территории субъектов юга европейской части России – Краснодарского и Ставропольского краев, Республик Крым, Адыгея, а также на территории сопредельной Республики Абхазия на протяжении вегетационных сезонов 2020–2024 гг. К концу 2024 г. установлено, что инвазионный ареал S. pyrioides на территории России занимает всю территорию г. Сочи и имеет дизъюнкции в г. Геленджик (Краснодарский край), а на территории Абхазии встречается в пос. Гулрыпш, г. Сухум и Галском районе; колонии P. shantungensis присутствуют только в пределах г. Сочи и Федеральной территории Сириус (Краснодарский край); H. derogata активно расширяет ареал на территории России (Краснодарский край, Крым, Адыгея) и в Абхазии; C. lucifluella присутствует в трех субъектах на юге европейской части России (Краснодарский, Ставропольский край и Республика Крым) и повсеместно в Абхазии; X. compactus обнаружен в двух регионах на юге европейской части России (Краснодарский край и Республика Крым) и в Абхазии. Распространение видов внутри инвазионного ареала на юге России происходит с посадочным материалом (S. pyrioides, X. compactus), транспортными потоками (P. shantungensis, H. derogata, C. lucifluella), багажом туристов (P. shantungensis), самостоятельными перелетами (на длинные расстояния – H. derogata, внутри парковых насаждений – P. shantungensis, X. compactus). The south of the European part of Russia and the regions bordering are attractive to alien insect due to its warm climate and diverse vegetation. The research was focused on the insect pests identified in the region in 2020–2023, namely: Stephanitis pyrioides (Scott, 1874) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae), Pochazia shantungensis (Chou et Lu, 1977) (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Ricaniidae), Haritalodes derogata (Fabricius, 1775) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), Coptodisca lucifluella (Clemens, 1860) (Lepidoptera: Heliozelidae) and Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff, 1876) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae). The research was conducted using a route method on the territory of the subjects of the southern European part of Russia: Krasnodar and Stavropol Regions, the Republics of Crimea, Adygea, as well as on the territory of the neighboring Republic of Abkhazia during the 2020–2024 growing seasons. It was concluded that by the end of 2024 the invasive range of S. pyrioides in Russia occupies the entire territory of Sochi and has disjunctions in Gelendzhik (Krasnodar Territory), and in Abkhazia it occurs in Gulrypsh, Sukhum and Gal district; colonies of P. shantungensis are present only within city Sochi and Federal Territory Sirius (Krasnodar Territory); H. derogata is actively expanding its invasive range in Russia (Krasnodar Region, Republics of Crimea, Adygea) and in Abkhazia; C. lucifluella is present in three regions in the south of the European part of Russia (Krasnodar Region, Stavropol Region and the Republic of Crimea) and throughout Abkhazia; X. compactus is found in two regions in the south of the European part of Russia (Krasnodar Region and the Republic of Crimea) and in Abkhazia. The distribution of species within the invasive areas in southern Russia occurs with planting material (S. pyrioides, X. compactus), with traffic flows (P. shantungensis, H. derogata, C. lucifluella), tourists' luggage (P. shantungensis), independent flights (long–distance – H. derogata, inside park plantings – P. shantungensis, X. compactus).

The paper presents the first record of the black fig weevil, Aclees taiwanensis Kôno, 1933 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Molytinae), in Russia. In 2023, its larvae were detected in the wood of drying fig seedlings Ficus carica L. (Moraceae) and few imagoes were observed feeding on fig leaves in an orchard nursery in Sochi. The species was identified based on morphological features of imago and through DNA barcoding. Two generations were recorded in Sochi, with picks of adult emergence in mid-July and early October. The maximum intraspecific genetic variability, which was estimated based on the COI gene of mtDNA for 28 specimens of A. taiwanensis from the invaded range (Russia (Sochi), Italy, France, South Korea) and native range (Taiwan), was 0.77%. In DNA barcoding fragment, the specimen from Sochi was identical to those from Italy and France. The species was likely introduced to the Black Sea coast of Russia from Southern Europe with plants for planting. The paper provides diagnostic features of the species, along with the images of imago, larvae and damaged fig seedlings. It also reviews trophic associations and current distribution and discusses the potential threat to fig plantations in agroecosystems and ornamental plantings in the Russian Caucasus.

Aponychus corpuzae Rimando, 1966 and Stigmaeopsis nanjingensis (Ma and Yuan, 1980) were recorded on the bamboo species Phyllostachys reticulata for the first time in Russia. Both species inhabits only ornamental plants of bamboo in the favorable climatic conditions of humid subtropics in Sochi – urban territory of the Black Sea coast of the Western Caucasus.

Лесосеменные плантации сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) в Орехово-Зуевском лесничестве Московской области являются одними из важнейших объектов для получения семян этой породы с улучшенными наследственными свойствами и сохранения генетического фонда высокопродуктивных насаждений в России. Впервые для этого объекта изучено санитарное состояние выращиваемых растений и установлен видовой состав патогенных микромицетов, развивающихся на усыхающих побегах, хвое, ветвях и шишках. Данные получены за период наблюдений с 2017 по 2023 гг. По результатам проведенных исследований выявлено 19 видов микромицетов, из них наиболее широкое распространение имеют возбудители некроза побегов и отмирания хвои Gremmeniella abietina (побеговый рак), Sphaeropsis sapinea (диплодиоз), Sclerophoma pithya (склерофомоз) и Thyronectria cucurbitula (тиронектриевый некроз), а также возбудители отмирания хвои – Dothistroma septosporum (дотистромоз, или красная пятнистость хвои) и Cyclaneusma minus (пожелтение хвои). Обнаруженные виды являются новыми для обследованных лесосеменных плантаций и малоизученными в Московской области. О находках T. cucurbitula ранее в регионе не сообщалось. В результате комплексного поражения этими видами отмечается ухудшение санитарного состояния, отмирание ветвей в нижней и средней части кроны, гибель шишек и снижение выхода семян. Выявлено сильное поражение подроста сосны в примыкающих естественных насаждениях и на списанных лесосеменных плантациях. На молодых растениях отмечено развитие побегового рака, а также диплодиоза, тиронектриевого некроза и дотистромоза, приводящее к отмиранию вершин, побегов, и реже целых растений. Наряду с сосной среди пораженных S. sapinea растений в примыкающих участках отмечен можжевельник обыкновенный (Juniperus communis L.), произрастающий в подлеске. Распространение возбудителей этих заболеваний в смежных насаждениях способствует высокой вероятности их дальнейшего развития на соснах лесосеменной плантации. Forest seed plantations of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in the Orekhovo-Zuevsky forestry of the Moscow region are one of the most important objects for obtaining seeds of this species with improved hereditary properties and preserving the genetic fund of highly productive plantings in Russia. For the first time for this object, the sanitary condition of cultivated plants was studied and the species list of pathogenic micromycetes developing on dying shoots, needles, branches and cones was established. Data were obtained for the observation period from 2017 to 2023. According to the results of the study, 19 species of micromycetes were identified, the most widespread are the causative agents of shoot blight and needle cast: Gremmeniella abietina (Scleroderris canker), Sphaeropsis sapinea (Diplodia shoot blight), Sclerophoma pithya (Sclerophoma shoot blight) and Thyronectria cucurbitula (Thyronectria shoot blight), as well as the causative agents of needle cast – Dothistroma septosporum (Dothistroma needle blight or red band needle cast) and Cyclaneusma minus (Cyclaneusma needle cast). The identified species are new for the surveyed forest seed plantations and insufficiently studied in the Moscow region. T. cucurbitula have not previously been reported in the region. As a result of complex development of these species, there is a decline in sanitary condition, shoot blight in the lower and the middle parts of the crown, the loss of cones and a decrease in seed yield. Severe damage to pine undergrowth was revealed in adjacent natural plantations and on annulled forest seed plantations. On young plants, the development of shoot canker, as well as Diplodia shoot blight, Thyronectria shoot blight and Dothistroma needle blight, leading to the death of tops, shoots, and, less often, entire plants, was noted. Along with pine, among the plants affected by S. sapinea in the adjacent areas common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) in undergrowth was noted. The occurrence of pathogens of these diseases in adjacent plantings contributes to a high risk of their further spread on pines of the forest seed plantation.