Amira Elnokaly

Despite extensive research on anaerobic digestion (AD), the combined effects of intermittent stirring energy demand and substrate co-digestion on overall energy performance have remained insufficiently explored. This study evaluated the effects of intermittent stirring duration and the AD performance of cattle dung (CD), poultry droppings (PD), rabbit droppings (RD), and their mixtures on methane production and net energy recovery. Experiments were conducted in 30 L laboratory-scale mechanically stirred batch anaerobic digesters operated under mesophilic conditions and intermittent stirring durations of 1, 2, and 3 h/day. Co-digestion clearly outperformed mono-digestion, achieving higher methane yields (up to 223 L/kg VS), improved biodegradability (>90%), methane-rich biogas, and shorter digestion times (18 days). Intermittent stirring duration significantly influenced performance; moderate stirring (2 h/day) was optimal for most binary mixtures, while higher stirring (3 h/day) enhanced methane yield in balanced ternary systems. Optimized co-digestion could reach up to 7.96 MJ/kg VS despite increased mixing energy use. The statistical analyses revealed strong interrelationships among process variables, identifying stirring duration and digestion time as key drivers of methane yield and net energy production. Artificial neural network (ANN) modeling successfully predicted methane production and net energy based on C/N ratio, stirring rate, and waste composition. The optimal ANN showed high accuracy (R=0.99).

Building Information Modelling (BIM) represents a technological and organisational innovation transforming the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry by embedding data-rich collaboration into project delivery. However, the diffusion of this innovation is constrained by unresolved legal–contractual complexities, where conventional frameworks often fail to manage BIM-specific risks, such as unclear responsibilities, intellectual property, and dispute resolution. This study advances knowledge by conceptualising a novel legal–contractual analytical dimension that systematically links risk factors to tailored management strategies, enabling BIM innovation to be more effectively embedded into organisational and contractual processes. A mixed-methods design was adopted. An integrative review of Scopus- and Google Scholar-indexed studies, supported by thematic analysis in NVivo, generated a comprehensive legal–contractual Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) that organises fragmented knowledge of legal–contractual risks. Qualitative content analysis, combined with survey and expert interview data, enabled triangulated validation and the development of the BIM-RBS Matrix and BIM-RBS–MS Nexus. These tools operationalise risk knowledge by quantifying risk severity (SPSS Version 29.0.1.0 (171)) and systematically aligning management strategies with specific risk categories. The results highlight actionable innovations, such as enhanced cybersecurity protocols (e.g., QR-based traceability) to strengthen cyber/data security and collaborative risk–reward mechanisms to address contractual design ambiguities. The study makes three primary contributions: (1) conceptualising a structured legal–contractual knowledge spectrum for BIM innovation, (2) advancing mixed-methods integration for legal–contractual risk knowledge creation and validation, and (3) providing actionable frameworks that support industry, policymakers, and researchers in embedding BIM innovation more reliably. This study frames legal–contractual risk knowledge as a critical enabler of innovation that extends theoretical understanding and offers globally relevant pathways for the knowledge-based transformation of the AEC sector.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) represents a technological and organisational innovation transforming the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) industry by embedding data-rich collaboration into project delivery. However, the diffusion of this innovation is constrained by unresolved legal-contractual complexities, where conventional frameworks fail to manage BIM-specific risks such as unclear responsibilities, intellectual property, and dispute resolution. This study advances knowledge and practice by conceptualising a novel legal-contractual amalgamated dimensional factor that links identified risks with tailored management strategies, thereby enabling BIM innovation to be embedded more effectively into organisational processes. A mixed-methods design was adopted. An integrative review of Scopus- and Google Scholar-indexed studies, supported by thematic analysis in NVivo, generated a comprehensive Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS) that organises fragmented knowledge of legal-contractual risks. Qualitative content analysis, combined with survey and expert interview data, enabled triangulated validation and the development of the BIM-RBS Matrix and BIM-RBS–MS Nexus. These tools operationalise risk knowledge by ranking severity (SPSS) and aligning management strategies with specific risk categories. The results highlight actionable innovations such as QR-code protocols to strengthen cyber/data security and shared risk–reward mechanisms to address contractual design ambiguities. The study contributions are: (1) conceptualising a structured legal-contractual knowledge spectrum for BIM innovation, (2) advancing methodological integration for risk knowledge creation and validation, and (3) providing actionable frameworks that support industry, policymakers, and researchers in embedding BIM innovation more reliably. Framing legal-contractual risk knowledge as critical enabler of innovation extends theoretical understanding, offering globally relevant pathways for knowledge-based transformation of the AEC sector.

Purpose: This study evaluates energy efficiency and seasonal heating performance in residential apartments within a Mediterranean climate, focusing on Dura Residential Apartments in Palestine. It establishes energy performance benchmarks and heating energy ratings to enhance efficiency, reduce consumption and improve thermal comfort. Design/methodology/approach: A survey-based analysis determined the energy use intensity (EUI) of the studied apartments. Two benchmark models were developed using simulations tailored to local conditions. The study assessed four heating scenarios, including space heaters and air conditioning systems, based on survey data and Palestinian Green Buildings Guidelines (PGBG) standards, focusing on heating system usage and building envelopes. Findings: The study provides localised insights into heating energy efficiency. The developed models and benchmarks guide future efficiency improvements. Additionally, the energy efficiency index (EEI) for heating offers a scalable method for performance ratings, which can be updated as new data emerge. While designed for a local context, the model can be adapted for broader applications globally. Research limitations/implications: The study focuses on a specific building typology and a single case study in Palestine, limiting generalisability. Future research should explore different geographic contexts and additional building typologies. Practical implications: The findings support energy efficiency measures in residential apartments, contributing to policy development and energy performance standards. The benchmarks and ratings can be applied in similar climates and similar contexts, promoting energy conservation. Social implications: Improving energy efficiency in residential buildings can reduce heating costs, particularly benefiting low-income households and mitigating energy poverty. It also enhances indoor thermal comfort, promotes public health and reduces reliance on pollutive heating sources. Increased awareness fosters community engagement in sustainable practices, benefiting both individual households and society. Originality/value: This study contributes to the field of energy efficiency by providing a structured methodology for establishing heating performance benchmarks in residential buildings in contexts where the conventional frameworks cannot be applied. The uniqueness of this research lies in its development of a contextual benchmarking model based on real-world data from a Mediterranean Context (Dura), considering climatic characteristics, socioeconomic factors and construction typologies not commonly explored in global frameworks. It offers valuable insights for policymakers, engineers and researchers aiming to optimise energy consumption and improve sustainability in the built environment.

The construction industry is moving towards the era of industry 4.0; 5.0 with Building Information Modelling (BIM) as the tool gaining significant traction owing to its inherent advantages such as enhancing construction design, process and data management. However, the integration of BIM presents risks that are often overlooked in project implementation. This study aims to develop a novel amalgamated dimensional factor (Techno-organizational Aspect) that is set out to identify and align appropriate management strategies to these risks. Firstly, it encompasses an in-depth analysis of BIM and risk management, through an integrative review approach. The study utilizes an exploratory-based review centered around journal articles and conference papers sourced from Scopus and Google Scholar. Then processed using NVivo 12 Pro software to categorise risks through thematic analysis, resulting in a comprehensive Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS). Then qualitative content analysis was employed to identify and develop management strategies. Further data collection via online survey was crucial for closing the research gap identified. The analysis by mixed method research enabled to determine the risk severity via the quantitative approach using SPSS (version 29), while the qualitative approach linked management strategies to the risk factors. The findings accentuate the crucial linkages of key strategies such as version control system that controls BIM data repository transactions to mitigate challenges controlling transactions in multi-model collaborative environment. The study extends into underexplored amalgamated domains (techno-organisational spectrum). Therefore, a significant contribution to bridging the existing research gap in understanding the intricate relationship between BIM implementation risks and effective management strategies.

The construction industry is moving towards the era of industry 4.0; 5.0 with Building Information Modelling (BIM) as the tool gaining significant traction owing to its inherent advantages such as enhancing construction design, process and data management. However, the integration of BIM presents risks that are often overlooked in project implementation. This study aims to develop a novel amalgamated dimensional factor (Techno-organisational Aspect) that is set out to identify and align appropriate management strategies to these risks. Firstly, it encompasses an in-depth analysis of BIM and risk management, through an integrative review approach. The study utilises an exploratory-based review centred around journal articles and conference papers sourced from Scopus and Google Scholar. Then processed using NVivo 12 Pro software to categorise risks through thematic analysis, resulting in a comprehensive Risk Breakdown Structure (RBS). Then qualitative content analysis was employed to identify and develop management strategies. Further data collection via online survey was crucial for closing the research gap identified. The analysis by mixed method research enabled to determine the risk severity via the quantitative approach using SPSS, while the qualitative approach linked management strategies to the risk factors. The findings accentuate the crucial linkages of key strategies such as version control system that controls BIM data repository transactions to mitigate challenges controlling transactions in multi-model collaborative environment. The study extends into underexplored amalgamated domains (techno-organisational spectrum). Therefore, a significant contribution to bridging the existing research gap in understanding the intricate relationship between BIM implementation risks and effective management strategies.

The urgent global mandate to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2030 has accelerated innovation in sustainable construction materials, particularly natural insulation solutions. This study addresses persistent challenges such as complex production processes, non-compostable components, and limited adherence to industry standards by developing and evaluating a novel slim insulation panel made from agricultural waste, specifically wheat straw. Targeted at retrofitting Grade 2 listed dwellings in the UK—where external modifications are restricted—the panels combine simplicity, full compostability, and conformity with regulatory benchmarks. Prototypes were fabricated using wheat straw and two compostable binders, tested for thermal performance, moisture stability, and biodegradability using an innovative Actual Wall Replication Method (AWRM) to mimic real-world conditions. The findings demonstrated superior thermal conductivity and durability, with panels achieving significant energy-saving potential without compromising heritage integrity. The work highlights wheat straw’s viability as an eco-friendly insulation material and accentuates the necessity of realistic testing for accurate performance assessment. This study offers a replicable framework for integrating circular economy principles into heritage retrofitting, bridging the gap between ambitious environmental targets and historic building preservation, thereby contributing to broader sustainable development goals.

The urgent global mandate to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2030 has accelerated innovation in sustainable construction materials, particularly natural insulation solutions. This study addresses persistent challenges such as complex production processes, non-compostable components, and limited adherence to industry standards by developing and evaluating a novel slim insulation panel made from agricultural waste, specifically wheat straw. Targeted at retrofitting Grade 2 Listed dwellings in the UK—where external modifications are restricted—the panels combine simplicity, full compostability, and conformity with regulatory benchmarks. Prototypes were fabricated using wheat straw and two compostable binders, tested for thermal performance, moisture stability, and biodegradability using an innovative Actual Wall Replication Method (AWRM) to mimic real-world conditions. Findings demonstrated superior thermal conductivity and durability, with panels achieving significant energy-saving potential without compromising heritage integrity. The work highlights wheat straw's viability as an eco-friendly insulation material and accentuates the necessity of realistic testing for accurate performance assessment. This study offers a replicable framework for integrating circular economy principles into heritage retrofitting, bridging the gap between ambitious environmental targets and historic building preservation, thereby contributing to broader sustainable development goals.

The socio-political climate in the UK, compounded by government austerity measures, has intensified the cost-of-living crisis, significantly impacting the affordability of the food supply chain. This has led to an increasing disconnect from healthy dietary practices and has contributed to declines in mental and physical wellbeing. This paper examines the role of edible city (EC) initiatives in addressing these challenges by enhancing food security, fostering social resilience and supporting community wellbeing. The aim of this research is to understand the tangible links between EC mechanisms and how they align with local, cultural and geographical perspectives. Focusing on the City of Lincoln, UK, this study aims to develop a contextualised EC framework that is culturally and geographically relevant and aligns with global goals for sustainable urban development as outlined in the United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goal 11 (SDG11), promoting inclusive, environmentally safe and economically viable communities. Utilising a mixed methods approach, this research combines qualitative interviews and a critical cross-case analysis of four community growing groups in the UK, alongside quantitative socio-demographic data analysis. The findings reveal that successful EC initiatives adapt to their environment and socio-cultural conditions and highlight the importance of EC diversification for long-term sustainability. Four core themes emerged across the case studies: (1) social prescribing, (2) social capital (3) knowledge sharing and (4) social value. These findings inform the creation of a novel flexible EC framework, Lincoln, providing actionable insights and policy recommendations to support sustainable urban regeneration and enhance community resilience. This research contributes transferable knowledge to inform EC strategies across diverse global urban contexts, promoting a pathway toward resilient and socially cohesive urban environments.

The building and transportation sectors are responsible for the greatest proportion of energy consumption in cities. While they are intrinsically interlinked with urban built form and density, climate change and technological innovation are having an effect on their relative contributions. This paper aims to develop an optimisation framework to facilitate the identification of the most energy-efficient urban built forms and urban geometry for the future built environment that can be adapted to the changing climate and ongoing technological development. It examines future scenarios for the city of London as a temperate climate zone (as a case study), in 2050, and contrasts it with the present situation. Specifically, the impact of climate change along with the penetration of electric vehicles into the transportation system that can be charged via rooftop photovoltaics is investigated. This study initially develops the geometrical models of four selected urban built forms and, secondly, analyzes their energy performance using an urban energy simulation software. The results, showing the impact of future scenarios on building energy performance, urban built form and density, demonstrate that court and tunnel-court built forms show better energy performance for future development. It is therefore recommended that for future urban developments in London, deep plan court and tunnel-court buildings with a lower number of storeys and a large cut-off angle are more advantageous in terms of building energy to accommodate the expected climate change. Finally, results of simulation trials indicate that the total building energy demand in 2050 is considerably higher than in the present climate as a result of additional cooling load and electric vehicle charging load.