Vittorino Talamini

Let $W$ be a rank $n$ irreducible finite reflection group and let $p_1(x),\ldots,p_n(x)$, $x\in\mathbb{R}^n$, be a basis of algebraically independent $W$-invariant real homogeneous polynomials. The orbit map $\overline p:\mathbb{R}^n\to\mathbb{R}^n:x\to (p_1(x),\ldots,p_n(x))$ induces a diffeomorphism between the orbit space $\mathbb{R}^n/W$ and the set ${\cal S}=\overline p(\mathbb{R}^n)\subset\mathbb{R}^n$. The border of ${\cal S}$ is the $\overline p$ image of the set of reflecting hyperplanes of $W$. With a given basic set of invariant polynomials it is possible to build an $n\times n$ polynomial matrix, $\widehat P(p)$, $p\in\mathbb{R}^n$, sometimes called $\widehat P$-matrix, such that $\widehat P_{ab}(p(x))=\nabla p_a(x)\cdot \nabla p_b(x)$, $\forall\,a,b=1,\ldots,n$. The border of ${\cal S}$ is contained in the algebraic surface $\det(\widehat P(p))=0$, sometimes called discriminant, and the polynomial $\det(\widehat P(p))$ satisfies a system of differential equations that depends on an $n$-dimensional polynomial vector $\lambda(p)$. Possible applications concern phase transitions and singularities. If the rank $n$ is large, the matrix $\widehat P(p)$ is in general difficult to calculate. In this article I suggest a choice of the basic invariant polynomials for all the reflection groups of type $S_n$, $A_n$, $B_n$, $D_n$, $\forall\,n\in \mathbb{N}$, for which I give generating formulas for the corresponding $\widehat P$-matrices and $\lambda$-vectors. These $\widehat P$-matrices can be written, almost completely, as sums of block Hankel matrices. Transformation formulas allow to determine easily both the $\widehat P$-matrix and the $\lambda$-vector in any other basis of invariant polynomials. Examples of transformations into flat bases, $a$-bases, and canonical bases, are considered.

In this article we obtain an explicit formula in terms of the partitions of the positive integer $n$ to express the $n$-th term of a wide class of sequences of numbers defined by recursion. Our proof is based only on arithmetics. We compare our result with similar formulas obtained with different approaches already in the XIX century. Examples are given for Bernoulli, Euler and Fibonacci numbers.

Let $G$ be a compact group of linear transformations of an Euclidean space $V$. The $G$-invariant $C^\infty$ functions can be expressed as $C^\infty$ functions of a finite basic set of $G$-invariant homogeneous polynomials, called an integrity basis. The mathematical description of the orbit space $V/G$ depends on the integrity basis too: it is realized through polynomial equations and inequalities expressing rank and positive semi-definiteness conditions of the $P$-matrix, a real symmetric matrix determined by the integrity basis. The choice of the basic set of $G$-invariant homogeneous polynomials forming an integrity basis is not unique, so it is not unique the mathematical description of the orbit space too. If $G$ is an irreducible finite reflection group, Saito et al. in 1980 characterized some special basic sets of $G$-invariant homogeneous polynomials that they called {\em flat}. They also found explicitly the flat basic sets of invariant homogeneous polynomials of all the irreducible finite reflection groups except of the two largest groups $E_7$ and $E_8$. In this paper the flat basic sets of invariant homogeneous polynomials of $E_7$ and $E_8$ and the corresponding $P$-matrices are determined explicitly. Using the results here reported one is able to determine easily the $P$-matrices corresponding to any other integrity basis of $E_7$ or $E_8$. From the $P$-matrices one may then write down the equations and inequalities defining the orbit spaces of $E_7$ and $E_8$ relatively to a flat basis or to any other integrity basis. The results here obtained may be employed concretely to study analytically the symmetry breaking in all theories where the symmetry group is one of the finite reflection groups $E_7$ and $E_8$ or one of the Lie groups $E_7$ and $E_8$ in their adjoint representations.

Let $G$ be a compact group of linear transformations of a Euclidean space $V$ . The $G$ -invariant $C^{\infty }$ functions can be expressed as $C^{\infty }$ functions of a finite basic set of $G$ -invariant homogeneous polynomials, sometimes called an integrity basis. The mathematical description of the orbit space $V/G$ depends on the integrity basis too: it is realized through polynomial equations and inequalities expressing rank and positive semidefiniteness conditions of the $\widehat{P}$ -matrix, a real symmetric matrix determined by the integrity basis. The choice of the basic set of $G$ -invariant homogeneous polynomials forming an integrity basis is not unique, so it is not unique the mathematical description of the orbit space too. If $G$ is an irreducible finite reflection group, Saito et al. [Commun. Algebra 8, 373 (1980)] characterized some special basic sets of $G$ -invariant homogeneous polynomials that they called flat. They also found explicitly the flat basic sets of invariant homogeneous polynomials of all the irreducible finite reflection groups except of the two largest groups $E_7$ and $E_8$ . In this paper the flat basic sets of invariant homogeneous polynomials of $E_7$ and $E_8$ and the corresponding $\widehat{P}$ -matrices are determined explicitly. Using the results here reported one is able to determine easily the $\widehat{P}$ -matrices corresponding to any other integrity basis of $E_7$ or $E_8$ . From the $\widehat{P}$ -matrices one may then write down the equations and inequalities defining the orbit spaces of $E_7$ and $E_8$ relatively to a flat basis or to any other integrity basis. The results here obtained may be employed concretely to study analytically the symmetry breaking in all theories where the symmetry group is one of the finite reflection groups $E_7$ and $E_8$ or one of the Lie groups $E_7$ and $E_8$ in their adjoint representations.