Hugo Alejandro Carrillo Arango

We investigated the acute metabolic effects of two velocity‐based resistance training (RT) protocols, differing in intra‐set velocity loss (VL) thresholds, on postprandial substrate oxidation and glycaemic responses following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test in individuals with excess body weight. A single‐group, randomized, cross‐over design was used, in which each participant completed three experimental conditions in random order: (1) control (rest); (2) RT with 20% velocity loss (VL20); and (3) RT with 40% velocity loss (VL40). Twenty‐four participants (50% female; median body mass index 30.2 kg m ⁻² , interquartile range 27.9–34.1 kg m ⁻² ) were included in the final analysis. Each RT session consisted of bilateral leg‐press exercises at 55%–65% of one‐repetition maximum performed in four sets with 3 min rest intervals, while monitoring repetition velocity. Baseline measurements were performed in the fasted state (1012 h) with participants in the supine position for 30 min, after the oral glucose load at 60 min, and during the experimental conditions at 120, 180, and 240 min. Primary outcomes were respiratory quotient, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide output, resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation rates. Secondary outcomes included blood glucose, lactate, heart rate, power output and repetition volume. VL40 elicited greater cardiovascular and metabolic stress, evidenced by elevated heart rate and lactate levels ( p < 0.0001). Both RT protocols decreased postprandial respiratory quotient compared with control conditions, with VL40 producing a larger shift towards fat oxidation (time × conditions interaction p < 0.0001). The glucose area under the curve was significantly lower in VL40 than in VL20 or control conditions ( p  < 0.0001). These findings suggest that velocity‐based RT acutely improves postprandial metabolism, with higher VL thresholds conferring superior fat oxidation and glycaemic regulation.

Objective: To determine the influence of structural health determinants on the lifestyle habits of school-aged children and adolescents in Cali, Colombia (2021–2023). Methods: This was a retrospective observational study with a descriptive design and analytical scope, conducted on a sample of 825 schoolchildren aged 8 to 17 years from five private educational institutions in Cali. Sociodemographic factors, diet quality, and sedentary time were analyzed using several parsimonious binary logistic regression models. Results: Of the total sample, 53.3% were male and 68.8% were adolescents aged 12 to 17. Poorer diet quality was associated with a lower paternal education level (primary education, OR = 2.58). Spending more than 480 minutes per day on sedentary activities was associated with being female (OR = 0.70), living only with the father (OR = 3.84), and belonging to a middle socioeconomic stratum (OR = 2.43). Conclusions: Associations were found between sedentary behavior, physical activity, diet quality, and certain structural health determinants. Gender and the father's education level were notable predictors in the models. Longitudinal studies are recommended to establish causality.

Objetivo: evaluar los factores de riesgo asociados a enfermedad cardiovascular en un grupo de estudiantes universitarios. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo que valoró a 285 estudiantes entre 18 y 39 años (51,9% mujeres) de cuatro universidades. Se evaluaron indicadores sociodemográficos, estilo de vida con los cuestionarios FANTÁSTICO, YLSBQ, adherencia a dieta mediterránea (KIDMED), sintomatología depresiva con el cuestionario de depresión BECK-II, y la condición física (CF) con la batería Alpha-fitness. El promedio de las 4 variables de CF se tipificó y se transformaron como Z-score para establecer una única variable denominada índice general de condición física. Se tomó la circunferencia de cintura (CC) como indicador de obesidad abdominal y el IMC (kg•m-1). Se calcularon frecuencias absolutas y relativas, medias con su desviación estándar. Para el cruce de variables categóricas se usó la prueba Chi2 y para determinar diferencias de medias en el desempeño físico y los hábitos con las características sociodemográficas se implementó la prueba Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon. Resultados: El 61,4% de la población se encuentra en edades entre 20 y 29 años, con predominio del estrato socioeconómico bajo-medio (88,1%). De estos estudiantes, el 51,6% asisten a instituciones públicas, y un 82,1% realiza algún tipo de AF. El 5% de la población presenta sintomatología depresiva. El 20% de los evaluados presenta un estilo de vida inadecuado y bajos niveles de condición física, con un 6,3 % de la población en obesidad. Conclusión: Este grupo poblacional presenta comportamientos de riesgo asociados a enfermedad cardiovascular, debido al exceso de tiempo en pantallas, baja condición física y pobre adherencia a una dieta saludable.

Background/Objectives: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has emerged as an effective strategy for mitigating postprandial glycemia in overweight or obese individuals. This scoping review aims to examine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) conducted between 2008 and 2024 that evaluated the impact of HIIT on acute postprandial glycemic response. Methods: A comprehensive search strategy was employed using terms such as “high-intensity interval training (HIIT)” and “postprandial glycemia”, combined with Boolean operators, with no restrictions on study type. Electronic databases searched included PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, and Web of Science from their inception through 2024. Of the 67 studies that met the inclusion criteria, five RCTs were selected for final analysis. All selected studies involved individuals with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25. Results: Each of the five included RCTs featured at least one HIIT intervention group, with variations in frequency, duration, intensity, and testing protocols. Despite differences in glucose tolerance test timelines, the glucose-loading protocol (75 g) and exercise interventions demonstrated minimal heterogeneity across studies. The findings suggest that short-term HIIT interventions may positively influence acute postprandial glycemic responses in overweight and obese populations. Conclusions: Short-term HIIT appears to be a promising intervention for improving postprandial glycemic control in individuals with elevated BMI. Future research is warranted to further elucidate both the acute and long-term effects of HIIT, particularly the role of skeletal muscle in regulating systemic glucose levels in this population.

Study I (Chapter I) Emerging scientific evidence consistently indicates that high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an effective strategy for mitigating postprandial glycemia in individuals with overweight or obesity. The objective of this scoping review was to examine randomized controlled trials conducted between 2008 and 2024 that evaluated the impact of high-intensity exercise on acute postprandial glycemic response. The search strategy employed key terms such as high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and postprandial glycemia, utilizing Boolean operators without study-type restrictions. The databases consulted included PUBMED, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, Scopus, Taylor & Francis, and ScienceDirect. Of the 67 studies that met the inclusion criteria, 5 were selected for final analysis. These studies investigated postprandial glycemia and HIIT interventions in individuals with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25. Study II (Chapter II) There is evidence supporting that acute sprint interval training (SIT) might im- prove metabolic responses to postprandial glucose, but results are inconclusive. The aim of the present study was to explore the effects of acute SIT on metabolic response and substrate utilization in individuals with overweight/obesity after an oral 75-gram glucose challenge. Thirty-three participants with overweight/ obesity (32.7 ± 8.3 years, 24 males, 9 female) participated in the study and a crossover design was followed. After the 75-gram glucose load, participants were randomly allocated to two groups: no exercise (resting) or SIT protocol. Metabolic data including respiratory quotient (RQ) and substrate utilization rates (fats and carbohydrates) were collected using the COSMED Q-NRG + ® calorimeter. Study III (Chapter III) Background & Aims: Research exploring sex-based variations in responses to acute sprint Interval training (SIT) remains limited. This study aimed to examine the impact of biological sex on the systemic metabolic response to SIT. We hypothesized that acute metabolic responses to SIT would differ between males and females. Methods: Sedentary adults (15 males; 14 females) with excess adiposity (defined as body fat > 30%) were matched for age (32.8 ± 7.5 vs. 29.5 ± 6.5 years) and body fat mass (33.0 ± 6.9 vs. 33.2 ± 6.8%). Following a 75-g glucose load, participants were randomly allocated to either a control (resting) or SIT trial (8 × 30 s of “all-out” cycling at a resistance of 0.075% W kg−1 of muscle mass, interspersed with 1 min of recovery). Parameters assessed included respiratory quotient (RQ), resting energy expenditure (REE), substrate utilization rates (fat and carbohydrate), total energy output, and blood lactate and glucose levels.

Adolescence is a period of changes, and it has been shown that participation in physical activity decreases during this stage. Personality may play a key role in this behavior; however, studies on this topic remain scarce. Objective: To establish the relationship between personality dimensions and physical activity in adolescents. Methodology: A cross-sectional study with 155 schoolchildren, evaluated using the PAQ-A questionnaire and the JS NEO-S inventory. Results were presented as means with standard deviation; t-tests were conducted to compare means by sex, and an adjusted linear regression model was performed. Results: The dimensions of responsibility (72.63) and openness to experience (71.03) had the highest scores; the average physical activity was 2.35 with differences by sex (p<.05). Conclusions: Physical activity was lower in women and was influenced by extraversion, responsibility, and openness to new experiences. Regarding physical activity, the average score was 2.35 (0.77) with significant differences by gender (p <0.05). Higher scores in extraversion, openness to experience, and responsibility were related to being more physically active. Conclusions: Physical activity was lower in women and was influenced by certain personality traits such as extraversion, responsibility, and openness to new experiences, regardless of sex, school grade, and economic level. La adolescencia es un periodo de cambios, y se ha demostrado que en esta etapa se reduce la participación en la actividad física. La personalidad puede jugar un papel clave en este comportamiento, sin embargo, los estudios sobre esta temática sieguen siendo escasos. Objetivo: establecer la relación entre las dimensiones de la personalidad y la actividad física en adolescentes. Metodología: estudio transversal con 155 escolares, evaluados mediante el cuestionario PAQ-A y el inventario JS NEO-S. Los resultados se presentaron en promedios con desviación estándar; se hicieron pruebas de t-student para comparar promedios por sexo y se realizó un modelo de regresión lineal ajustado. Resultados: las dimensiones de responsabilidad (72.63) y apertura a la experiencia (71.03) tuvieron las mayores puntuaciones; la actividad física promedio fue 2.35 con diferencias por sexo (p<.05). Conclusiones: la actividad física fue menor en mujeres y estuvo influenciada por la extroversión, responsabilidad y apertura a nuevas experiencias. A adolescência é um período de mudanças, e tem sido demonstrado que, nesta fase, a participação na atividade física diminui. A personalidade pode desempenhar um papel fundamental nesse comportamento; no entanto, os estudos sobre este tema ainda são escassos. Objetivo: Estabelecer a relação entre as dimensões da personalidade e a atividade física em adolescentes. Metodologia: Estudo transversal com 155 estudantes, avaliados através do questionário PAQ-A e do inventário JS NEO-S. Os resultados foram apresentados em médias com desvio padrão; testes t de Student foram realizados para comparar as médias por sexo, e um modelo de regressão linear ajustado foi utilizado. Resultados: As dimensões de responsabilidade (72,63) e abertura à experiência (71,03) tiveram as pontuações mais altas; a média de atividade física foi de 2,35 com diferenças por sexo (p<0,05). Conclusões: A atividade física foi menor nas meninas e foi influenciada pela extroversão, responsabilidade e abertura a novas experiências.

El propósito de esta investigación fue describir la relación entre la condición física y el riesgo de caídas en un grupo de personas mayores del servicio médico de una universidad pública de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia. Este estudio incluyó 32 personas mayores (12 hombres y 20 mujeres). Ellos fueron evaluados por medio de las baterías de pruebas del SPPB y Senior Fitness Test. El procesamiento y análisis de la información se llevó a cabo con el programa SPSS v. 27 para Windows. Los principales hallazgos revelan una prevalencia de riesgo de caídas de 62,5% dentro del grupo, capacidad aeróbica por encima del percentil 50 en las mujeres, altos valores de fuerza en miembros inferiores, superiores y fuerza prensil para todo el grupo; también se encontraron correlaciones moderadas significativas entre la puntuación total del SPPB y la fuerza en miembros inferiores y superiores (r=0,57 p<0,001 y r=0,53 p<0,001) y entre el puntaje total del SPPB ,la agilidad y equilibrio (r=-0,44 p<0,05), test de equilibrio y agilidad ,y equilibrio (r=-0,43 p<0,05). En este estudio se encontraron valores superiores a la media en la mayoría de las pruebas de condición física; sin embargo, estos hallazgos contrastan con la presencia latente de un riesgo de caídas en este grupo, lo cual plantea la necesidad de hacer modificaciones estructurales al programa de ejercicio físico que actualmente siguen los adultos mayores. Palabras clave: SPPB, riesgo de caídas, ejercicio físico, equilibrio, marcha. (Fuente: DeCS). The aim of this research is to describe the relationship between physical condition and the risk of falls in a group of elderly people from the medical service of a public university in the city of Cali, Colombia. This study included 32 older people (12 men and 20 women). They were assessed through the SPPB and Senior Fitness Test batteries. The processing and analysis of information were conducted using SPSS v.27 for Windows. The main findings revealed a prevalence of falls risk of 62.5% within the group, aerobic capacity above the 50th percentile in women, high values of strength in lower and upper limbs and prehensile strength for the entire group. Significant moderate correlations were also found between the total score of the SPPB and the strength in lower and upper limbs (r=0.57 p<0.001 and r=0.53 p<0.001) and between the total score of the SPPB and agility and balance (r=-0.44 p<0.05), balance and agility test, and balance (r=-0.43 p<0.05). In this study, values above the mean were found in most physical condition tests; however, these findings contrast with the latent presence of a risk of falls within this group,which suggests the need for structural modifications to the physical exercise program currently followed by older adults. Keywords: SPPB, risk of falls, physical exercise, balance, march. (Fuente: DeCS).

El acoso escolar es un problema frecuente en las escuelas y se relaciona con afectaciones físicas y mentales que pueden influir en los comportamientos de los estudiantes, entre ellos, la actividad física; sin embargo, los estudios sobre esta temática en el contexto nacional siguen siendo escasos. El objetivo fue analizar la relación entre el acoso escolar y la actividad física en estudiantes de Cali. Participaron 340 estudiantes entre 12 y 17 años de tres colegios, quienes fueron sometidos a evaluación antropométrica, la aplicación del cuestionario Bully/Victim para la frecuencia y tipo de acoso escolar y el Cuestionario para la Actividad Física en su versión para adolescentes (PAQ-A). Se realizó el análisis univariado mediante tablas de frecuencias y porcentajes para las variables cualitativas, y las cuantitativas fueron presentadas en promedio con desviación estándar. En el análisis bivariado se usó la prueba Chi2 de Pearson y el test de Fisher para variables categóricas, y para la comparación de medias se usó el estadístico T-Student. Finalmente, se calcularon razones de oportunidad (OR) mediante modelos de regresión logística. El 32,06% manifestó haber sufrido algún tipo de acoso, las mujeres presentaron mayor posibilidad de ser víctima de insultos o burlas y los hombres mayor posibilidad de ser acosadores. Ser activo físicamente se relacionó con haber sido intimidado, ser hombre y pertenecer a colegios privados. Este estudio resalta la importancia de llevar a cabo acciones que favorezcan la práctica de actividad física y la reducción del acoso, focalizando en grupos de mayor riesgo como mujeres y en colegios oficiales. Palabras Clave: Intimidación, actividad física, salud del adolescente, estudiantes, conductas relacionadas con la salud (Fuente: DeCS, Bireme). Bullying is a frequent issue in schools, and is associated with physical and mental disorders that can impact student behaviors, including physical activity. Nevertheless, studies addressing this matter within the national context remain limited. The aim was to analyze the relationship between bullying and physical activity in students from Cali, Colombia. A total of 340 students, aged between 12 and 17 years, from three schools participated in the study, they underwent anthropometric assessment, completed the Bully/Victim questionnaire to determine the frequency and type of bullying and the Physical Activity Questionnaire in its adolescent version (PAQ-A). Univariate analysis was conducted using frequency and percentage tables for qualitative variables, while quantitative variables were presented as means with standard deviations. Bivariate analysis utilized Pearson's Chi2 and Fisher's tests for categorical variables, and T-Student's statistic for mean comparisons. Finally, odds ratios (OR) were calculated using logistic regression models. The 32.06% of students reported experiencing some form of bullying, with females exhibiting a higher likelihood of being victims of insults or mockery, and males showing a greater likelihood of being bullies. Being physically active was associated with having experienced intimidation, being male, and attending private schools. This study underscores the importance of implementing initiatives to promote physical activity and reduce bullying, with a focus on high-risk groups such as females and students in public schools Key words: Bullying, physical activity, adolescent health, students, health behavior