Andrey Nikolaevich Redko

Aim . To investigate the incidence of new-onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) and identify prognostic factors for its development in the Russian population aged 25-64 years. Material and methods . A cohort was formed based on the ESSE-RF and ESSE-RF2 studies (14 regions, n=20738, median follow-up 10,5 years). The examination included questionnaires and paraclinical tests. T2D was defined by a self-reported diagnosis and/or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) ≥7,0 mmol/L; such participants were excluded from the analysis. Prediabetes was defined as an FPG level of 6,1-6,99 mmol/L in individuals without T2D. Vital status was updated biennially. Information on fatal and non-fatal events, including cardiovascular ones and new cardiovascular diseases, was collected. In 2025, data on new T2D cases (type and date of diagnosis) were collected for the entire follow-up period. Statistical analysis was performed using the R programming language (version 4.1). Results. During the follow-up period, 665 (3,2%) new cases of T2D were identified, with a statistically significantly higher incidence in women. The risk of T2D increased 5-fold in the presence of prediabetes (12,8% vs 2,4%). Independent predictors of T2D included age >45 years, lack of higher education, prediabetes (hazard ratio (HR) =3,02; pConclusion . This prospective study, involving over 20000 participants without T2D, established that the incidence of new-onset T2D is higher among women. Key prognostic factors include age and prediabetes. These findings underscore the necessity of active screening and management of these risk factors to reduce the incidence of T2D.

The reform of the postgraduate medical education system in the Russian Federation has significantly impacted the quality of professional knowledge acquired by specialists and has also revealed several problems in medical education. The transition from the traditional system of advanced training, coupled with the introduction of periodic accreditation, has created additional challenges for specialists in gaining access to professional practice. The Department of Psychiatry No. 2 of the Kuban State Medical University of the Russian Ministry of Health (Kuban State Medical University) conducted an anonymous survey of 212 psychiatric specialists and clinical psychologists at specialized institutions in the Krasnodar Territory, representing 30.0% of the total. Respondents expressed a number of preferences for optimizing existing postgraduate training. The transition to periodic accreditation and its practical significance in line with current requirements dominated the negative responses, accounting for 24.1% of cases, which is a worrying signal.

Inflammatory and non-inflammatory periodontal diseases, as well as mechanical and chemical injuries to the oral mucosa and the connective tissue attachment of the tooth are common challenges in daily dental practice. Their local treatment typically involves adhesive pharmacological agents, most of which contain synthetic active or auxiliary ingredients. Moreover, not all drugs can remain on the oral mucosa or in the periodontal pocket for a prolonged period, providing sustained release and targeted delivery of active substances directly to the lesion site. A detailed understanding of the oral microbiome, the causes of its imbalance, and the composition and pharmacological effects of drugs used to restore the damaged periodontal complex is needed. This review analyzes Russian and international research on modern approaches to the prevention, treatment, and restoration of periodontal tissues after injury, as well as the development of new strategies to address this problem. A search and analysis of publications was performed in the eLIBRARY.RU and PubMed databases on current methods for preventing and treating complications of periodontal tissues that arise during orthopedic treatment. Despite the wide range of drugs available on the domestic and international markets, the problem of periodontal disease remains relevant. The presence of synthetic substances in medications can accelerate stabilization of the pathological process, but does not exclude the risk of dysmicrobiocenosis. There is a need for a new, clinically effective Russian drug based on an adhesive pharmacological matrix that promotes rapid wound healing, prevents additional infection, and does not cause dysbiotic changes.

Background. The unprecedented pace of development in pharmacy and medical technology in the 20th and 21st centuries has largely shaped the trajectory of modern medicine. Historically, however, physicians managed patient care and treatment without access to such advancements. Current research dedicated to the medicine of the past is typically confined to historical essays that reconstruct the formative years of healthcare in specific regions, rarely reflecting the evolution of an individual medical facility. Therefore, a comparative assessment of the changes that have occurred over 110 years within a specific department of a single medical institution across two distinct eras is highly relevant. This approach not only demonstrates the evolution of internal medicine services but also carries significant educational value. Objective : To analyze the operational characteristics and patient management practices of the Internal Medicine Department at Yekaterinodar City Hospital in 1913 in comparison with Krasnodar City Clinical Hospital No. 1 in 2023, aiming to identify shifts in morbidity patterns, treatment modalities, and healthcare organization over a period of more than a century. Methods . This study utilized published archival data from Yekaterinodar City Hospital for 1913, including a unique historical multi-departmental report that provides statistical data alongside textual accounts of the institution’s daily operations. These were compared with contemporary statistical and clinical data from Krasnodar City Clinical Hospital No. 1 for 2023. The research involved a retrospective analysis of medical records, statistical evaluation, and a review of historical medical literature. Results . Significant shifts in morbidity patterns were identified: acute infectious diseases were predominant at the beginning of the 20th century, whereas in the present day their prevalence is minimal. Infectious diseases have given way to chronic conditions affecting the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, and nervous systems, alongside an increase in the number of oncology and hematology patients. Clinical examples of patient management in 1913 are presented. The study highlights the evolution of treatment modalities driven by the emergence of novel pharmaceuticals and diagnostic technologies, as well as an increased specialization of hospital departments. Conclusion. This analysis demonstrates significant progress in medical capabilities, epidemiological shifts, and evolving organizational approaches to healthcare delivery. Notably, key hospital performance indicators from the early 20th century, such as mortality metrics and the average length of stay, were comparable to—and in certain aspects even outperformed—modern metrics. These findings can serve as a basis for the retrospective evaluation of internal medicine departments and the further improvement of healthcare services, taking into account both historical experience and modern realities.

Background: the problem of studying certain aspects of the quality of life of patients with mental disorders, including the neurotic spectrum, remains insufficiently disclosed. The level of quality of life is influenced by various factors, one of which is the nature of intra-family relationships, which largely depends on the indicators of social functioning. The aim was to identify and analyze indicators of social functioning that undergo changes against the background of the development of neurotic spectrum disorders and have an impact on intra-family relationships. Patients and Methods : a simultaneous prospective comparative study of individual aspects of social functioning affecting family relationships of patients with neurotic spectrum disorders before and after the development of neurotic pathology was conducted. The research material was data from an anonymous voluntary survey of 500 patients with diagnoses according to the International Classification of Diseases 10th revision (ICD-10) — F40–F48; F32; F06. A specially designed questionnaire was used, which included blocks for assessing family status, work, financial situation, fear of stigmatization, and the specifics of seeking specialized help. Results : against the background of the development of a neurotic mental disorder, the divorce rate increased 3-fold, and the level of conflict in families increased significantly. The deterioration of the financial situation due to the forced transition to a job with a lower salary was subjectively associated with an increase in the number of family conflicts in 69.4% of cases. A pronounced fear of intra-family stigmatization was noted by 31.2% of patients, while external stigmatization was noted by 39.6%. More than a third of patients (36%) first sought specialized psychiatric help only 2 years or more after the onset of the disease. One of the main reasons of late referral was the fear of stigmatization due to their disorder. Conclusion : indicators of social functioning such as marital status, financial status, and fear of stigmatization of an existing neurotic disorder show significant dynamics and are closely related to the nature of intra-family relationships in patients with neurotic spectrum disorders. Studying the specific effects of neurotic spectrum disorders is important for developing an integrated approach to therapy and rehabilitation.

Aim. To study the associations of a high fatty liver index (FLI ≥60) with the risk of death and nonfatal cardiovascular events in a Russian epidemiological cohort. Material and methods. The analysis included data from ESSE-RF2 epidemiological study. FLI was calculated using the Bedogni G et al. equation (2006). A high FLI ≥60 was considered a predictor of liver steatosis. A total of 5381 individuals aged 25-64 years from 4 Russian regions (the Republic of Karelia, Krasnodar Krai, Omsk and Ryazan Oblasts) were included, of which 1672 had FLI ≥60. Fatal endpoints included all-cause (ACD) and cardiovascular death (CVD), while nonfatal endpoints included myocardial infarction (MI), cerebrovascular accident (CVA), heart failure progression (hospitalization), and revascularization. The composite endpoint (CE) included cardiovascular death or a non-fatal endpoint. Statistical analysis was performed using the R language and environment (version 4.2). The significance level for all tested hypotheses was pResults. Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the group of patients with a FLI ≥60 had significantly worse survival outcomes compared to the group with an FLI Conclusion. In the group of individuals with a FLI ≥60, survival rates were significantly lower than in the group with a FLI <30 for all studied outcomes (ACD, CVD, and CE). In a univariate Cox regression model adjusted for region, a high FLI was associated with non-fatal CVA, ACD, CVD, and CE. However, in a multivariable model (adjusted for region, age, sex, lifestyle factors, and lipid metabolism disorders), a significant association of FLI ≥60 remained only with CE.

Subject. In the context of the global trend towards population aging, improving the quality of life of gerontological patients is becoming a critical task, which intensifies competition for technological leadership in the development of implants as the basis for treating oral diseases. Ceramic dental implants based on zirconium dioxide are a modern alternative to traditional titanium analogues, possessing high biocompatibility, as well as excellent aesthetic properties due to their white color and corrosion resistance. This review presents an analysis of the key factors determining the dynamics of the global ceramic implants market, as well as trends in technological leadership in various regions, including the Russian Federation. The main growth drivers, market opportunities, and existing limitations are considered. Quantitative market assessments, its segmentation and regional analysis are provided, and a list of leading leading companies is presented. Objectives. To analyze scientific publications on the global dental ceramic implants market to identify growth factors, barriers and promising areas of technological development of ceramic dental implants. Methodology. A search and analysis of publications and economic reports in scientometric databases (Scopus, PubMed, eLIBRARY) was conducted on issues dedicated to global market trends and the evolution of dental implant technologies and new materials devoid of the disadvantages of titanium. Results. The global ceramic implant market is expected to reach a value of $15.94 billion by 2029, demonstrating a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.0% in the forecast period 2022-2029. Conclusion. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the share of ceramic dental implants in Russia will be no more than 5%, since titanium analogues prevail. In connection with the current global trends, the development of new technologies for the production of dental implants in the Russian Federation, compatible with modern hybrid information and communication technologies adapted to advanced production methods, seems relevant. The Russian Federation is developing bioactive glass-ceramic implants designed to occupy their niche in the world market.

This review of scientific and methodological approaches to monitoring water and wastewater was conducted to address the issues of environmental safety of water, population access to high-quality drinking water, and wastewater as a major anthropogenic pollutant. The scientific data search was performed in the PubMed biomedical database, the Russian scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.RU, and the official websites of scientific journals with thematic sections on the subject. The search included publications from 15 years. Despite numerous studies demonstrating the advantages of automated monitoring systems—which, while costly, enable real-time control of water bodies—state monitoring of water quality still relies on traditional methods. These are characterized by complexity, high maintenance costs of laboratory equipment, the use of chemical reagents, longer testing times, and limited applicability for on-site and real-time monitoring. Under these conditions, a unified automated system for monitoring the ecological and hygienic status of aquatic environments and wastewater treatment would considerably improve water body protection. This would ensure the supply of safe drinking water to the population and the optimal use of water in health resorts and recreational zones. Legislative action is required to establish a unified, integrated approach that enables real-time identification of water pollution sources, locations, and levels, as well as mapping of the ecological and hygienic status of water bodies.

Aim. To study the contribution of obesity, including abdominal obesity (AO), to the risk of all-cause death and cardiovascular events (CVE) in the Russian population.Material and methods. The representative samples of the Russian population aged 25-64 years from the ESSE-RF (2012-2014) and ESSE-RF2 (2017) studies were analyzed (n=22869). A modular questionnaire and standard epidemiological methods for assessing risk factors were used. The body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the following equation: BMI=body mass (kg)/height (m²). Overweight was defined as 25,0≤ BMI ≤29,9 kg/m², while obesity — as BMI ≥30,0 kg/m², and AO — as waist circumference ≥102 cm in men and ≥88 cm in women. High blood pressure (BP) was defined as systolic BP ≥140 mm Hg and/or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg. The presence of diabetes with type indication was assessed by a questionnaire. In this analysis, carbohydrate metabolism disorders were defined as fasting glucose ≥6,1 mmol/l and/or a history of diabetes. The prospective observational cohort was formed from 14 regions included in ESSE-RF and ESSE-RF2. Every 2 years, the following were assessed: causes of death, non-fatal CVD, new cases of cardiovascular diseases and cardiovascular events. Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical programming language and the R environment (version 4.1) with open source code. To assess survival, Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used with the log-rank test with Holm's adjustment. Associations with endpoints were assessed using Cox models. The differences for all tested hypotheses were considered significant at pResults. The presence of obesity, including AO, significantly worsens survival in the Russian cohort (pConclusion. Obesity, including AO, is associated with worsening survival in the Russian population. Despite the obesity paradox, in which the lowest all-cause death risk is shifted towards overweight, the risk of CVD increases with increasing BMI in the Russian cohort. To control obesity, it is important to improve the detection of obesity, including through medical check-ups and preventive examinations, as well as the choice of treatment tactics for obese patients according to clinical guidelines.

The objective: to evaluate labor losses due to tuberculosis.Subjects and Methods. Modeling of annual labor losses due to temporary and permanent disability and death from tuberculosis (TB) was carried out on the basis of official statistical surveillance data.Results. Labor losses due to temporary disability (TD) and death were found to be decreasing, while permanent disability losses due to the COVID-19 pandemic have been increasing in the last three years. More than ¾ of labor losses are related to disability due to tuberculosis. The average duration of a tuberculosis case with temporary disability is growing, which may be associated with an increasing number of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and TB/HIV co-infection. It has been found that the number of labor losses and incidence of tuberculosis with temporary disability is strongly associated with prevalence of fibrous cavernous pulmonary tuberculosis and losses due to disability. The proportion of labor losses due to disability is expected to decrease due to the end of the special procedure for its prolongation.