Huixuan Xu

Sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors are key digital divide determinants. This study used a three-level framework to analyze differences in digital access, capability, and outcomes between male and female, urban and rural, and high-family-SES and low-family-SES university students. Interviews further explored student perspectives on these disparities. The study found significant digital divides among these groups. Male students were more proactive with computers and had better computer skills and learning abilities than female students. Urban students had superior digital infrastructure, resources, skills, and competitiveness compared to their rural peers. High-SES students enjoyed greater digital access, family support, skills, and learning outcomes than their low-SES counterparts. This research contributes an updated digital divide framework and proposes practical suggestions to minimize digital inequality in higher education.

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