Thiago Leite Beaini

Background: Head circumference is widely used as an indirect indicator of brain growth and cranial capacity; however, its isolated use may lead to imprecise interpretations, particularly in borderline cases of microcephaly and megalencephaly. Complementary screening approaches that remain accessible and non-invasive may therefore be useful, especially in settings with limited access to neuroimaging. Objective: To develop and evaluate an experimental, non-invasive model for estimating endocranial volume based on a combined cranial metric, termed the Triple-Measure, and to compare its performance with head circumference alone across different age ranges. Methods: One hundred forensic facial approximations with known cranial scale were analyzed. Head circumference, sagittal arc, and coronal arc were measured on three-dimensional skull models, and their sum was defined as the Triple-Measure. Endocranial volume was obtained through direct segmentation of computed tomography data or by anatomical deformation of donor models. Regression analyses and validation procedures were performed, and the results were contextualized using literature-derived datasets to assess compatibility with established population parameters. Results: The Triple-Measure showed a stronger correlation with endocranial volume (R = 0.83; R² = 0.69) than head circumference alone (R = 0.76; R² = 0.57), a difference confirmed by an F-test (F ≈ 17.03, p < 0.001). Validation analyses performed on independent CT cases demonstrated good agreement and consistency between predicted and measured values. The sample distribution was compatible with large population datasets derived from the literature. Based on these findings, an analog lookup table and a digital calculation tool were developed to support exploratory application across adult and developmental stages, with improved sensitivity in borderline situations. Conclusions: The Triple-Measure may provide a more informative anthropometric proxy for endocranial volume than head circumference alone while remaining non-invasive and accessible. Given its exploratory nature, the method is best interpreted as a complementary screening approach intended to support clinical decision-making and to indicate when further imaging evaluation may be warranted. Additional studies with larger clinical datasets are recommended to refine its applicability across populations. Highlights: Triple-measure shows improved association with endocranial volume compared to head circumference Proposed as a non-invasive, low-cost screening approach for micro- and megalencephaly Analog lookup table and digital calculator developed for exploratory and practical use Framework extended across neonatal, pediatric, and adult age groups using integrated datasets

No Brasil há uma crescente preocupação com a violência doméstica e seus efeitos. Uma das formas deste tipo de crime é a dirigida contra as mulheres. Tal atenção se reflete na edição e aprimoramento de leis federais na tentativa de criar mecanismos de proteção às vítimas. Este artigo analisa a evolução da legislação brasileira relacionada à violência doméstica contra a mulher, destacando o papel fundamental desempenhado pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na identificação, prevenção e assistência às vítimas. A pesquisa abrange marcos legais e suas principais funções na cadeia de proteção, chegando até os desdobramentos mais recentes, analisando como o SUS articula suas políticas públicas de saúde com iniciativas de enfrentamento à violência. A partir de uma revisão da bibliografia e análise de dados institucionais, o estudo reflete sobre os avanços e desafios no contexto brasileiro, propondo recomendações para uma integração mais eficaz entre o sistema de saúde e o sistema de justiça. A análise da evolução normativa evidencia desenvolvimento social brasileiro nas últimas décadas. A constante atualização apresenta melhorias na prevenção, no processo judicial, no atendimento à saúde e correta epidemiologia do problema. Por outro lado, também expõe um problema longe de ser vencido, mas que avança em direção a uma abordagem mais humanizada, segura e acompanhada, tendo o SUS como um dos principais instrumentos de acolhimento e cuidados

This study presents a digital forensic facial approximation of Wenceslas, Duke of Bohemia (ca. 907–935), based on photographs of the skull attributed to the saint, preserved in St. Vitus Cathedral, Prague. The skull was replicated through structural deformation using public domain images, adjusted to historical measurements, and enriched with anthropometric data. The facial approximation combined traditional techniques with statistical projections from tomography of living individuals, resulting in two versions: an objective one and another with artistic and more speculative elements based on historical descriptions. Comparisons with Petr Parler’s 14th-century statue and a previous reconstruction revealed structural consistency, suggesting the skull may have inspired the sculpture. This work contributes to humanizing historical figures and reinforces Wenceslas’s legacy as a Czech icon.

Face guards effectively reduce the risk of facial injuries in athletes. This study aimed to present a case report and discuss the scientific literature on facial trauma in sports and innovations in the fabrication of face guards. Global regulatory disparities and the importance of education in promoting the use of protective equipment are key factors for injury prevention. Conventionally, alginate impressions have been widely used in manufacturing processes. However, the implementation of digital workflows involving photogrammetry and three‐dimensional printing offers a promising alternative for fabricating customized face guards. Various materials have been used for fabricating the outer layer of face guards, with carbon fibers standing out for their ability to enhance both protection and comfort. These findings suggest that digital innovations and custom designs can improve athlete safety and increase comfort and confidence, thereby contributing to a safer sports environment.

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) is considered as one of the greatest composers of the Classical Period of music (ca. 1750–1820). Gifted with an unparalleled precocity, which allowed him to play and compose at the highest levels from a very young age, he continued his studies until the end of his life. Despite his prominent status, he was buried in a collective grave and years later his skull was supposedly recovered, reaching the present day surrounded by an atmosphere of mystery and controversy. This study, using a free, open-source, multiplatform software and the available published material, independently seeks to approximate the face of this skull and compare it with previous publications and portraits painted during the composer’s lifetime.

The present study aims to approximate the face from the alleged skull of Jan Žižka (ca. AD 1360–1424), a military commander and national hero in the Czech Republic. Found in 1910, the skull has only a fraction of its original structure, which required an initial effort to reconstruct the missing regions from data collected in CT scans of living people’s heads. The forensic facial approximation consisted of projecting the skin boundaries with soft tissue markers and cross-referencing data from statistical projections from CT scans of living people and the use of the anatomical deformation technique, where the digital head of a virtual donor was adjusted until it matched the alleged skull of the Czech general. The final face was the result of the cross-referencing of all data and the completion of the structure respected the iconography attributed to Jan Žižka.

In 1950 on Mount Zlatý kůň (‘Golden Horse’) in modern-day Czech Republic a system of caves was discovered. During many years of research in this area, human and animal osteological remains have been excavated, among which the most interesting ones were nine fragments of a female skull, now dated to ca. 43,000 yrs BP which are one of the earliest known anatomically modern humans in Eurasia. The aim of this research was to use purely digital techniques to: (1) to reconstruct the skull based on the 3D data of preserved fragments, (2) to approximate the probable appearance of the female it belonged to, and (3) to analyze the calculated shape of the reconstructed mandible and volume of the neurocranium in the context of similarities and differences with other representatives of the genus Homo. Computer techniques used in this research constitute a new, original approach to the problem of 3D analyses and may be useful primarily in bioarchaeological sciences, where metric analyses of the most valuable bone artifacts are often severely limited due to the incompleteness of the material available for research. The digital techniques presented here may also contribute significantly to the field of surgery, with the possibility of being adapted for applications in cranial prosthetics and post-traumatic reconstructive surgery.

Investigation of the biological sex of human remains is a crucial aspect of physical anthropology. However, due to varying states of skeletal preservation, multiple approaches and structures of interest need to be explored. This research aims to investigate the potential use of distances between bifrontal breadth (FMB), infraorbital foramina distance (IOD), nasal breadth (NLB), inter-canine width (ICD), and distance between mental foramina (MFD) for combined sex prediction through traditional statistical methods and through open-access machine-learning tools. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics committee, and out of 100 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans, 54 individuals were selected with all the points visible. Ten extra exams were chosen to test the predictors developed from the learning sample. Descriptive analysis of measurements, standard deviation, and standard error were obtained. T-student and Mann–Whitney tests were utilized to assess the sex differences within the variables. A logistic regression equation was developed and tested for the investigation of the biological sex as well as decision trees, random forest, and artificial neural networks machine-learning models. The results indicate a strong correlation between the measurements and the sex of individuals. When combined, the measurements were able to predict sex using a regression formula or machine learning based models which can be exported and added to software or webpages. Considering the methods, the estimations showed an accuracy rate superior to 80% for males and 82% for females. All skulls in the test sample were accurately predicted by both statistical and machine-learning models. This exploratory study successfully established a correlation between facial measurements and the sex of individuals, validating the prediction potential of machine learning, augmenting the investigative tools available to experts with a high differentiation potential.

Background/Aim: Removing resin composites used for bonding dental trauma splints may result in irreversible damage to the enamel. This in vitro study evaluated the influence of additional violet illumination and different bur types on damage caused to tooth enamel.Materials and Methods: Fifteen maxillary models with four bovine incisor teeth were prepared. All models were scanned using a laboratory scanning system (s600 ARTI; Zirkonzahn). Six experimental groups (n = 10) were generated by two study factors: lighting type (three levels), (1) low‐cost (5–7 US$) violet LED flashlight (LUATEK, LT 408); (2) VALO Cordless light curing unit (Ultradent) with black lens; or (3) without additional illumination; and rotatory instrument (two levels), (1) diamond bur or (2) multifluted tungsten‐carbide bur. New scanning was performed after splint removal, and the generated files were superimposed on the initial scans using Cumulus software. The light emitted by both violet light sources was characterized by using integrating sphere and beam profile. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of enamel damage and two‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc was used at an α = 0.05.Results: The use of low‐cost violet flashlight that emitted the violet peak light at 385 nm and VALO Cordless with black lens at 396 nm resulted in significantly lower damage to the enamel surface than those in the groups without additional violet light (p < .001). An interaction between rotatory instruments and lighting was found. When no additional violet lighting was used, the diamond bur presented higher mean and maximum depth values.Conclusions: Fluorescence lighting facilitated the removal of remnant resin composite dental trauma splints, leading to less invasive treatment. The diamond bur resulted in higher enamel damage than that affected by the multifluted bur when no violet lighting was used. A low‐cost violet flashlight is a useful fluorescence‐aided identification technique for removing resin composite dental trauma splints.