Jianxi Liu

Solution-processed amorphous InGaZnO (IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) were investigated across a higher-Ga composition regime to examine the relationship between annealing-induced structural changes, film properties, and TFT performance. IGZO precursor solutions were prepared using a sol–gel process, and the films were annealed at 300, 350, and 400 °C. After determining a suitable annealing condition, the effect of the In:Ga:Zn ratio was examined using three compositions: 3:3:3, 3:4:3, and 3:5:3. The films and TFTs were characterised using structural, surface, optical, and electrical measurements. The results show that higher annealing temperatures promote structural changes and the onset of crystallisation, while annealing at 300 °C provides a suitable condition for maintaining the amorphous structure and high optical transparency of the IGZO layer. Changing the metal composition also affects the electrical behaviour of the devices: increasing the Ga content reduces the off-state current, but excessive Ga content leads to a reduction in carrier mobility. The device with an In:Ga:Zn ratio of 3:4:3 exhibited the best overall performance, with an on/off current ratio of 1.31 × 10⁷, a subthreshold swing of 0.31 V/dec, a threshold voltage of −0.56 V, an off-state current of 2.25 × 10⁻¹³ A, and a field-effect mobility of 20.32 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹. The corresponding IGZO film showed an average optical transmittance above 90%. The combination of high transparency, low off-state current, and good switching characteristics makes the optimised IGZO TFTs promising for sensor applications, transparent electronics, and emerging artificial intelligence related electronic systems.

Structural colors generated by photonic crystals (PCs) have attracted interest in optical sensing. However, the sensing behavior of porous PCs is commonly tailored through material composition, pore structure, or surface chemistry. Here, we show that the spatial configuration of sequence-switchable MOF-on-MOF Bragg stacks regulates molecular access and adsorption while preserving the constituent metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The reflection wavelength is continuously tuned across the visible spectrum by controlling layer thickness and refractive-index contrast, producing blue-to-red structural colors with a peak reflectance of approximately 90%. Reversing the layer sequence generates distinct optical response amplitudes and kinetics toward volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Combined optical analysis and molecular dynamics simulations further show that the sensing responses depend not only on molecular uptake but also on spatial adsorption distribution and framework–guest interactions. These findings establish molecular transport pathway control through spatial configuration as an additional strategy for regulating the sensing behavior of porous photonic materials.

On ultrathin ZrO ₂ , phase dictates CO ₂ hydrogenation: vacancy-rich cubic films drive associative deep hydrogenation, whereas monoclinic phases favor the redox-driven rWGS reaction.

An intelligent lubrication system based on heterostructures is reported, which integrates wear resistance, anticorrosion, near-infrared friction control, and self-healing.