Eduardo García-Cueto

Subclinical psychopathy is an issue of interest for various psychological fields (human resources, forensic context, clinical psychology, etc.). The aim of this study was to construct a scale for the assessment of subclinical psychopathy and to use it to obtain psychopathic profiles in the general adult Spanish population. To achieve this, a set of items evaluating 3 dimensions (Manipulation, Insensitivity, Reckless Impulsivity) was generated and reviewed by a panel of experts in psychometrics and psychological assessment. The pilot study was completed by 436 subjects, and the main study by 536. The internal structure of the scale was explored using various Exploratory Factor Analyses and a final Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Cluster analysis resulted in 5 subject groupings (Psychopathic, Non-Psychopathic, Manipulative, Callous, and Reckless), which showed differential relationships with Psychopathy, Dark Triad, Agreeableness, Honesty-Humility, and Self-Interest. The developed scale provides valid and reliable scores for assessing subclinical psychopathy in the general adult Spanish population, as well as the possibility of establishing 5 psychopathic profiles in this population.

Dark personality consists of an association of various socially aversive traits: psychopathy, Machiavellianism, narcissism, etc. Although there are several models for its evaluation, the traits they encompass overlap in content. Thus, a comprehensive theoretical framework is needed, one that integrates the psychological characteristics described in the literature while avoiding overlap in their definitions. After a review of the literature and the main dark personality tools, a general definition is proposed from which eight specific traits emerge. This paper lays the theoretical foundation for a future assessment battery of socially aversive traits, which can be used in academic research as well as in various applied contexts (clinical, organizational, forensic, etc.).

When one-way ANOVA is statistically significant, a multiple comparison problem arises, hence post-hoc tests are needed to elucidate between which groups significant differences are found. Different post-hoc tests have been proposed for each situation regarding heteroscedasticity and sample size groups. This study aims to compare the Type I error (α) rate of 10 post-hoc tests in four different conditions based on heteroscedasticity and balance between-group sample size. A Montecarlo simulation study was carried out on a total of 28 data sets, with 10,000 resamples in each, distributed through four conditions. One-way ANOVA tests and post-hoc tests were conducted to estimate the α rate at a 95% confidence level. The percentage of times the null hypothesis was falsely refused is used to compare the tests. Three out of four conditions demonstrated considerable variability among sample sizes. However, the best post-hoc test in the second condition (heteroscedastic and balance group) did not depend on simple size. In some cases, inappropriate post-hoc tests were more accurate. Homoscedasticity and balance between-group sample size should be considered for appropriate post-hoc test selection.

Los ítems tipo Likert son comúnmente utilizados en ciencias sociales. Este estudio comprueba si se pueden mejorar las propiedades psicométricas de los autoinformes variando los formatos de respuesta. Los formatos comparados han sido el tipo Likert de cinco alternativas y el VAS (Visual Analog Scale). Para ello, 584 personas (75.2 % mujeres) con una edad media de 32.9 años (DT = 13.4) respondieron a dos cuestionarios online de personalidad que fueron aplicados una vez con formato tipo Likert (0-4) y una segunda vez con formato VAS (0-100). La discriminación, fiabilidad y pesos factoriales de las escalas con formato Likert han sido mayores que las del formato VAS. El formato de respuesta no afectó a la estructura factorial. Las escalas con formato VAS dan puntuaciones totales significativamente más altas. Aunque los ítems con formato de respuesta Likert muestran un mejor funcionamiento, estos resultados podrían estar influenciados por la longitud de la línea en el formato VAS.

Entrepreneurship is one of the most important aspects for the growth of any country. On the one hand, because it is a source of innovation, employment, and wealth and, on the other, because of the negative consequences of entrepreneurial failure, economically, socially, and psychologically. The study of entrepreneurship is carried out through different approaches, such as social, economic, biological, and psychological. Although no one doubts the importance of each of them, the psychological approach−specifically, the entrepreneurial personality−has been one of the most productive on this topic in the last decade. conducted a comprehensive review of the study of entrepreneurial personality. The present article, more than five years later, aims to present the main contributions of psychology to the assessment of entrepreneurial personality since then (theoretical models and measurement instruments and their psychometric properties). Future lines of research are discussed.

Co-active coping is a fundamental construct in organizational and work environments as it allows for the exploration of individual and group behaviors within organizations. The aim of this study was to develop a new scale called the Co-Active Coping Inventory in the Chilean context. The sample was comprised of 1,442 workers with an average age of 30.48 years (SD = 11.13). 55% were public-sector workers, 34.5% were workers in private commercial organizations, and 10.5% belonged to non-profit private organizations. Different exploratory factor analyses were performed, and the best exploratory model was verified with a confirmatory factor analysis. In addition, multiple linear regressions were used to analyze which dimensions of co-active coping helped predict workers’ burnout (emotional exhaustion, affective hardening, and personal fulfillment) and symptomatology (psychological and somatic). Based on the exploratory and confirmatory approach, the Co-Active Coping Inventory showed a good fit to a structure of five correlated factors (Reflective Action, Rash Action, Search for Spiritual Support, Search for Affective Support and Evasion), demonstrating measurement invariance in terms of sex and type of organization. The different domains of co-active coping explain between 20% (emotional exhaustion) and 41% (affective hardening) of occupational burnout and around 3–5% of workers’ symptomatology, with reflective action being the most important variable. These results indicate that the new scale has suitable psychometric properties; it can assess coping strategies in the Chilean organizational context in a reliable and valid way. These coping strategies have demonstrated certain importance in relation to organizational and clinical variables.

El inventario de sexismo ambivalente (ASI) es frecuentemente utilizado en la investigación aplicada, lo que ha llevado a que en ocasiones se propongan versiones modificadas del mismo. La presente investigación tuvo por objetivo evaluar la validez factorial y la fiabilidad de la versión para adolescentes (ASI-A) y la versión breve (B-ASI) de este inventario en población adolescente. Se utilizaron los datos de dos muestras análogas de estudiantes de secundaria de México (estudio 1: n₁ = 975; estudio 2: n₂ = 1020). El modelo de dos dimensiones omitiendo los ítems 1 a 4 resultó ser el más recomendable en el caso del ASI-A presentando un ajuste aceptable (estudio 1). El modelo bidimensional también result ser el más apropiado en el caso del B-ASI al obtener un ajuste adecuado a los datos sin requerir ninguna modificación (estudio 2). El ASI-A es un instrumento de medida válido cuando algunos de los ítems son omitidos, pero la demostrada validez de la versión original de la escala incluso en población adolescente cuestiona la pertinencia teórica y empírica para desarrollar una versión específica para adolescentes.

The long-term effects on academic self-concept of grade retention are unclear. The objective is to examine the progression of academic self-concept in relation to school performance for retained students and non-retained students. The academic self-concept of 5712 students (1381 retained students) was evaluated at the fourth and eighth grade of compulsory school. Academic performance was also examined at a third point: sixth grade. Latent Class Analysis and Latent Transition Analysis were used to examine the transitions between the latent groups of academic self-concept. A BCH-LTA estimation for a distal outcomes was used to examine the influence of academic self-concept on school performance. Three latent groups of academic self-concept were identified. The transitions indicated a reduction in academic self-concept over time which was greater in retained students. School performance fell over time and was related to academic self-concept. These findings have significant implications in relation to grade retention and its negative impact on students’ academic self-concept.

Grit is a non-cognitive variable that helps predict important variables in people’s lives, such as academic, sport, and work performance, physical and mental health, and subjective well-being. However, there are few instruments measuring grit in the Chilean context. The aim of this study is to contribute new evidence of validity of the Oviedo Grit Scale (Escala Grit de Oviedo; EGO) through its adaptation to a Chilean sample. A sample of 359 Chilean participants was used (M_years= 41.28; SD_years= 11.09; 69.4% women), from the 16 regions that make up the Chilean territory. The unidimensionality of the EGO was confirmed in the Chilean context, also showing scalar invariance in terms of sex. The reliability of the scores on the EGO was excellent (α = .92; ω = .92), showing high correlations with grit, measured through the Grit-S scale (r = .577), self-control (r = .500), self-efficacy (r = .809), and productiveness (r = .679). In addition, the EGO showed statistically significant differences in terms of age. It is concluded that it is a reliable, valid, and brief scale to evaluate grit, and thus this construct can be studied in relation to important variables that affect people’s lives.