Gökhan Tüccar

The increasing use of unauthorized fuels such as “10 number oil” raises serious concerns regarding engine performance, environmental safety, and public health. This study experimentally investigates the effects of diesel–10 number oil blends on the performance and emission characteristics of Mitsubishi Canter 4D31 diesel engine. Four blend ratios (D100, D50, D20, D10) were tested over a speed range of 1200–2700 rpm. Results show that increasing the proportion of 10 number oil reduces torque and power due to poor atomization and incomplete combustion, while specific fuel consumption increases, indicating lower efficiency. Emissions analysis revealed higher CO and NOx levels, whereas CO₂ decreased due to incomplete oxidation. At 2200 rpm, the D10 blend caused 3.64% decrease in torque and 2.30% increase in SFC, along with increases of 10.87% in CO and 20.55% in NOx. Overall, the findings highlight the negative impacts of 10 number oil on engine performance and emissions.

Nowadays, with the increasing energy demand and concerns about environmental sustainability, hydrogen is regarded as a crucial energy carrier in reducing dependence on conventional fuels. Hydrogen plays a critical role in various fields, particularly in fuel cells. Therefore, due to the undesirable effects of pure hydrogen usage on temperature and emissions, as well as the challenges and high costs of storage, efforts are being made to blend it with conventional fuels in varying proportions to achieve optimal combustion conditions. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of adding hydrogen gas at different concentrations, without pre-mixing, to the methane combustion reaction inside the burner on flame characteristics. The combustion reaction of CH4 was carried out with six different H₂ concentrations (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%), and it was observed that as the H2 ratio increased, the flame temperature rose and its shape became more stable. The maximum flame temperature was recorded as 2732.248 K with 15% H₂. At 25% H2, the mixture exhibited behavior similar to that of a rich combustion mixture. The burner used in this study provides an alternative solution in the field of hydrogen burners.

Past studies revealed that Foeniculum vulgare oil biodiesel (FVB) can be used as a good candidate for diesel fuels. Ammonia (NH3) as a fuel additive can be mixed with other fuels to eliminate some disadvantages of the fuels in engine performance and emission. In view of such information, this study aims to investigate the effects of FVB with NH3 additive on engine performance and emission parameters in Diesel-RK Programme. In this study, FVB was mixed with NH3 additive in different proportions (FVB100, FVB95A5, FVB90A10, FVB85A15 and FVB80A20). The exhaust emissions (Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx), Particulate Matter (PM) and Smoke Opacity) and engine performance (Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), Power, Torque and Volumetric Efficiency) parameters were evaluated according to the combustion simulations in different RPM values. As a result of this study, some obtained results were revealed that the NH3 additive in FVB significantly decreased the NOx parameter. However, when the NH3 content in FVB was increased, PM and smoke opacity parameters increased. For the engine performance parameters, the NH3 additive in FVB adversely affected the engine power and torque parameters. On the other hand, specific fuel consumption and volumetric efficiency showed an increment trend as the NH3 content in FVB was increased.

Nowadays, with increasing energy requirements, the use of clean energy resources has become important. Fuel cells are an important key for clean energy technology due to wide range of utilization areas such as automotive, portable power applications, electricity generation, space, aviation and naval technologies. Additionally, they have many significant properties such as not producing harmful gases, therefore they do not cause environmental and chemical pollution. Besides, they have not any moving parts, also they do not produce noise. By comparison to fossil fuel, fuel cells have high efficiency that reaches up to 60% in appropriate conditions. Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) has many advantages than other fuel cell types due to simple structure, higher efficiency and low operating temperature. PEMFC may consist of one or more stacks to generate more electricity. End plate of PEMFC holds together all parts of it. Therefore, the material selection for end plate is important to provide safe conditions. To use PEMFC safely, investigation of material fracture energy is required to decide that the material is in safe conditions or not. There are three fracture energy modes which are mode I, mode II and mode III. There are many methods to investigate failure of material at different modes. Unlike other methods, Arcan specimen gives facility to evaluate of mode I, mode II and mixed modes. The main purpose of this paper was to compare the results of fracture energy (stain energy release rate) of different materials for end plates in fuel cells. Another goal was to select a sutitable material was selected as PEMFC end plate.

Favourable efficiency of diesel engines makes them the most abundant type of internal combustion engines. However, diesel engines are also primary sources of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) emissions formed as a result of the combustion process. There are many variables to affect the performance of diesel engine. One of them is injection pressure. Combustion process has a crucial effect on emission formation of diesel engines and this process is highly affected by fuel atomization. Injectors are one of the most important components of diesel engines that control the atomization of fuel. Today’s modern injectors provide high injection pressures to improve fuel atomization. To reduce exhaust emissions and fuel consumption, the effect of high-pressure fuel injection was investigated in fourcylinder engines numerically. Increased injection pressure improves smoke and fuel consumption, especially at low and medium speeds. However, some variables can be adversely affected by pressure increases. In this study, variables affecting engine performance were observed at different injection pressures for 500-800 bar and 800-1000 bar, and the results were shared.

In this study, nanofluids formed by using ethylene glycol and three kinds of nanoparticles such as Al₂O₃, SiO_2, and TiO₂ were added to the four-stroke internal combustion engine radiator and compared with the conventional coolant (pure water). This comparison is based on the exergy performances which are the main theme of the second law of thermodynamics. The tests were carried out at a fixed engine speed of 1800 rpm using diesel fuel, and the outputs were obtained from the test setup experimentally. A total of six nanofluid tests were performed on two different dispersions (0.2% and 0.4%). As a result of this study, the best exergy efficiency was obtained by using TiO₂ particles with a 35.67% value. Increasing the percentage of nanoparticles in the fluid from 0.2 to 0.4 positively affected efficiency. Pure water generally lagged behind nanofluid performance in experimental parameters. Compared to conventional coolant (pure water), the lowest exhaust temperature value was measured by using an Al₂O₃/Ethylene Glycol mixture with a difference of 59 K. Also, by using Al₂O₃ nanoparticles as a coolant, 8.858 kW of exergy exhaust value was obtained. This is the best emission value measured in the experimental study. While calculating values close to each other in the use of other nanoparticles, the worst exergy exhaust results were obtained by using the conventional refrigerant. Consequently, in this paper, exergetic outputs such as exergetic efficiency, exergy destruction, exergy heat, exergy work, exergy total exhaust, and entropy production rate were calculated for pure water and each nanofluid.

Although diesel engines are the most preferred type of internal combustion engines, high levels of vibration and noise formed during combustion of diesel fuel lead to a reduction in vehicle comfort. In this paper, an experimental study was conducted on a diesel engine to explore the effects of dual fuel operation on vibration, noise and exhaust emissions. For this purpose, test engine was fueled with diesel fuel, mustard oil biodiesel (MOB), and a combination of MOB, diesel fuel and hydrogen gas. With reference to vibration, noise and emission data obtained from the use of diesel fuel, the effects of the usage of MOB and hydrogen gas mixtures on vibration, noise and emission formation were examined. Engine vibration and noise levels were found to be significantly reduced with the use of MOB. It was also found that the use of hydrogen gas with MOB has a positive effect on engine vibration and noise. Exhaust emission formation measurements showed that an engine fueled with MOB and hydrogen gas achieves the minimum carbon monoxide values. However, NO_x (nitrogen oxide) emissions increased with MOB and hydrogen gas usage due to increased end combustion temperature.

Tr en In the present study, effects of fuel properties; such as viscosity and density of different biodiesels on engine exhaust emissions were investigated. Sunflower, corn and canola oils were used as raw materials of biodiesel fuels which were produced via transesterification method. In experiments, pure biodiesels were used as test fuels and diesel was used as reference fuel. The results indicated that viscosity and density of biodiesel fuels went up with a higher proportion of biodiesel. Engine experiments, which were conducted on a Mitsubishi Canter 4D34-2A, four-stroke, four-cylinder diesel engine indicated that carbon monoxide (CO) emission reduced with the utilization of fuels that have higher viscosity and density. On the other hand, carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission had opposite trend. Both emission values were increased with higher biodiesel ratios. In the present study, effects of fuel properties; such as viscosity and density of different biodiesels on engine exhaust emissions were investigated. Sunflower, corn and canola oils were used as raw materials of biodiesel fuels which were produced via transesterification method. In experiments, pure biodiesels were used as test fuels and diesel was used as reference fuel. The results indicated that viscosity and density of biodiesel fuels went up with higher proportion of biodiesel. Engine experiments, which were conducted on a Mitsubishi Canter 4D34-2A, four-stroke, four cylinder diesel engine indicated that carbon monoxide (CO) emission reduced with utilization of fuels that have higher viscosity and density. On the other hand, carbon dioxide (CO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emission had opposite trend. Both emission values were increased with higher biodiesel ratios.

Gaseous fuels can be used in diesel engines to improve combustion and obtain more favorable emission. Vibration and noise formation in diesel engines is a rather complex phenomenon which is created during combustion of fuels and leads to a reduction in vehicle comfort. Although there are studies in the literature that examine the noise and vibration of the diesel engine using different biofuels, there is no study that thoroughly examines the effect of combined utilization of Foeniculum vulgare oil biodiesel (FVB) and hydroxy gas (HHO) on vibration, noise and combustion characteristics. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of FVB, a promising biodiesel feedstock, and HHO dual fuel operation on vibration, noise and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine. The vibration, noise and emission data obtained by the use of diesel fuel were taken as a reference and the effects of FVB and HHO mixture utilization on vibration, noise and emission formation were examined. The results show that the total vibration and noise generated by the engine was decreased by the use of FVB. In addition, the utilization of HHO together with biodiesel further reduced the engine vibration and noise according to experimental data. According to exhaust emission formation measurements, the minimum carbon monoxide values were obtained when the engine was fueled with HHO and FVB mixtures. However, CO₂ and NO_X emissions increased with the combination of HHO and FVB usage.