Eko Adi Prasetyanto

The detection of cooking oil adulteration is critical for consumer protection and quality control.

Background and purpose: Mitragynine is an active compound in kratom that is metabolized to the pharmacologically active 7-hydroxymitragynine, requiring an integrated pharmacokinetic approach to maintain plasma concentrations of both within the optimal range. This study aims to develop an integrated pharmacokinetic model of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine using Bayesian inference. Experimental approach: A secondary dataset of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine in healthy human plasma was extracted and used to construct a two-compartment pharmacokinetic model upon oral administration. Initial parameter estimation was performed using a deterministic model fit to determine prior parameters. Bayesian inference was performed using Hamiltonian Monte Carlo across four independent chains, each with 2,000 iterations. Key results: The prior distribution estimation indicated that the Markov Chain Monte Carlo chain had converged and attained stationarity, yielding many independent effective samples. In general, no correlation between pharmacokinetic parameters was found due to modelling errors. The posterior predictive check plot confirmed a good fit between the model and the data. Pharmacokinetic simulations of repeated administration have been successfully developed and used to predict essential parameters in repeated administration, such as accumulation factors, maximum plasma concentration, time to maximum concentration, minimum plasma concentration, and area under the curve. Conclusion: The pharmacokinetics of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine were successfully modelled simultaneously with two compartments and proportional residuals using Bayesian inference with high accuracy.

Mitragyna speciosa, commonly referred to as kratom, is known for its active compound, mitragynine, which is classified as a new psychoactive substance. The availability of mitragynine standards remains a challenge, highlighting the need for effective and efficient methods for isolating this compound from kratom. This study aimed to computationally design a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) for the selective isolation of mitragynine. Computational studies were conducted using the B3LYP def2TZVP method with DFT-D4 dispersion, and the results were verified by a laboratory experiment and a molecular dynamics study. The study revealed that methacrylic acid was the optimal monomer for MIP interactions in methanol. Laboratory experiments, employing the association constant and Job plot methods, confirmed that methanol was the ideal solvent for the pre-polymerization complex, with an equilibrium template-to-monomer ratio of 1:3. Radial distribution function analysis from molecular dynamics simulations further supported that the 1:3 template-to-monomer ratio was optimal, aligning with experimental findings. This study’s findings suggest that computational analysis may be employed for the rational design of improved MIPs and for further laboratory investigation into the selective isolation of mitragynine from plants.

The World Health Organization released the fungal priority pathogen list (FPPL) in late 2022, identifying fungal pathogens in urgent need of research and intervention. Triazole antifungals, as first-line therapy, require therapeutic drug monitoring to optimize outcomes because of their narrow therapeutic range and interindividual pharmacokinetic variability. The bioanalysis process is challenging due to complex matrices. This study aimed to develop and validate an analytical method for quantifying voriconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole in human plasma using high-performance liquid chromatography with an imprinted polymer sorbent. Optimization employed a C ₁₈ column with isocratic elution (acetonitrile:water 70:30, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/min and detection at 260 nm. Retention times were 2.467, 3.487, and 9.006 minutes for fluconazole, voriconazole, and itraconazole, respectively. System suitability testing met chromatographic requirements. The validated bioanalytical method complies with U.S. FDA guidelines, demonstrating linearity over the 0.5–5 mg/L range. Maximum percent bias was 13.4% for the calibration curve, 15.6% at the LLOQ, and 12.9% above the LLOQ. Precision showed a maximum coefficient of variation of 12.9%, confirming the method’s accuracy and reproducibility. The molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) method showed superior selectivity and recovery compared with commercial C ₁₈ SPE cartridges. This study establishes a reliable method for future clinical sample applications.

Background: Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) are a severe complication of diabetes, often leading to prolonged hospitalizations and even amputations. The need for advanced, efficient treatments is critical, particularly in regions like Indonesia, where healthcare resources are limited. In this study, naringin, a bioactive flavonoid renowned for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, was embedded within a biocompatible matrix of alginate, mesoporous silica, and polyvinyl alcohol. Methods: This patch was engineered using electrospinning techniques, ensuring a controlled release of naringin to the wound site. To further advance this treatment modality, a colorimetric biosensor targeting uric acid a critical biomarker of wound severity was seamlessly integrated into the patch. In vivo studies were conducted using diabetic mouse models to assess the patch's efficacy in promoting wound healing. Results: The results were promising: the naringin-loaded patches significantly accelerated wound closure and improved tissue regeneration compared to standard treatments. However, while the concept of integrating biosensors showed promise, the biosensor component in this study did not perform optimally and requires further refinement. The current iteration of the biosensor provided limited real-time monitoring capability, indicating the need for enhanced sensitivity and reliability for the application in the wound environment. This study highlights the potential of naringin-infused biomaterials as a therapeutic option for DFU treatment and underscores the importance of ongoing research to optimize biosensor integration. Conclusions: While the in vivo results are promising, the study calls for further development of biosensors to fully realize the potential of this combined approach in clinical settings.

. This study aimed to develop a paper-based glucose sensor using artificial sweat and saliva samples, a non-invasive, practical, and affordable concept for measuring glucose levels. The chosen method was the colorimetric method using the Glucose Oxidase (GOx) enzyme, Horseradish Peroxidase (HRP) enzyme, and 3,3?-diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen. The wax stamping method was utilized on a piece of filter paper to test the glucose sensor. The test was carried out in several stages, including testing various concentrations of reagents and wax stamping sizes, fabricating the glucose sensors, and testing multiple concentrations of glucose, artificial sweat, and artificial saliva. The RGB method was used to test the resulting color. The data obtained were then validated using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry. The GOx concentration on the glucose sensor affected the color change velocity. The HRP, DAB, and wax stamping size concentration simultaneously indicated a strong correlation with changes in the color intensity that appeared on the glucose sensor. The glucose sensor in this study could measure the glucose concentration of the artificial sweat and saliva samples, respectively, from 0-3000 and 0.9987. This study proved a strong correlation between the reagents' concentration and the color intensity on the developed glucose sensor.

This study aims to investigate the effect of alkaline pH on the bottom-up synthesis of nanocomposites (NCs) containing terbium sulfide nanoparticles (Tb₂S₃ NPs), where chitosan (CS) was employed as a capping agent, along with evaluation of the antibacterial activity of these NCs. The NCs were characterized using spectroscopy (FESEM-EDX, Raman, FTIR, XRD, XPS, and DLS), zeta-potential, and TGA. The results of FE-SEM, XPS, Raman, and FTIR characterization support the formation of CS-Tb₂S₃ NPs. A pH variation from 9 to 11 during composite formation was shown to affect the size and composition of NCs. The antibacterial activity of CS-Tb₂S₃ NCs was studied by coating onto commercial contact lenses, where the best loading efficiency of NCs was 48%. The NCs prepared at pH 10 (without contact lenses) had greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, with a zone of inhibition diameter of 7.15 mm. The coating of NCs onto commercial contact lenses was less effective for inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus, in contrast with the greater activity observed for tetracycline. CS-Tb₂S₃ NCs offer promising antimicrobial properties that can be further optimized by control of the surface loading and accessibility of Tb₂S₃ NPs through further study of the role of the chitosan capping agent, since steric effects due to CS are likely to attenuate antimicrobial activity via reduced electron transfer in such nanocomposite systems.

Metal clusters have gained a lot of interest for their remarkable photoluminescence and catalytic properties. However, a major drawback of such materials is their poor stability in air and humidity conditions. Herein we describe a versatile method to synthesize luminescent Cu(I) clusters inside the pores of zeolites, using a sublimation technique with the help of high vacuum and high temperature. The porous materials play an essential role as a protecting media against the undesirable and easy oxidation of Cu(I). The obtained clusters show fascinating luminescence properties, and their reactivity can be triggered by insertion in the pores of organic monodentate ligands such as pyridine or triphenylphosphine. The coordinating ligands can lead to the formation of Cu(I) complexes with completely different emission properties. In the case of pyridine, the final compound was characterized and identified as a cubane-like structure. A thermochromism effect is also observed, featuring, for instance, a hypsochromic effect for a phosphine derivative at 77K. The stability of the encapsulated systems in zeolites is rather enthralling: they are stable and emissive even after several months in the air.

Introduction: The addition of the protease enzyme from an external source can increase protein absorption in the human digestive system. Protease enzyme is formulated by encapsulated inside alginate-chitosan hydrogel beads to deny immediate proteolysis reaction with the protein consumed and maintain the encapsulated enzyme in a temperature range acidity. This research aims to know the encapsulation effectivity of protease enzyme with alginate-chitosan hydrogel beads. Methods: Experiments were conducted to encapsulate protease enzyme with ionotropic gelation method using alginate and chitosan. Encapsulation yield, bead size, encapsulated enzyme activity, release rate, and stability were analyzed from the hydrogel beads that were obtained. The data is then analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). Results: From four variants of hydrogel beads that were obtained, this research shows that the volume addition of alginate solution in the encapsulation material will increase the value of encapsulation yield (EY), bead size, and release rate of the encapsulated protease enzyme. Therefore, the volume addition of chitosan solution will increase the value of encapsulation efficiency (EE). Hydrogel beads incubation at 6°C for 24 days maintain 75,55% of encapsulated enzyme activity. Conclusion: Protease enzyme can be formulated with protein by being encapsulated with alginate-chitosan hydrogel beads. Key Words: alginate, chitosan, protease enzyme encapsulation

The design and preparation of synthetic binders (SBs) applicable for small biomolecule sensing in aqueous media remains very challenging. SBs designed by the lock‐and‐key principle can be selective for their target analyte but usually show an insufficient binding strength in water. In contrast, SBs based on symmetric macrocycles with a hydrophobic cavity can display high binding affinities but generally suffer from indiscriminate binding of many analytes. Herein, a completely new and modular receptor design strategy based on microporous hybrid materials is presented yielding zeolite‐based artificial receptors (ZARs) which reversibly bind the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine with unprecedented affinity and selectivity even in saline biofluids. ZARs are thought to uniquely exploit both the non‐classical hydrophobic effect and direct non‐covalent recognition motifs, which is supported by in‐depth photophysical, and calorimetric experiments combined with full atomistic modeling. ZARs are thermally and chemically robust and can be readily prepared at gram scales. Their applicability for the label‐free monitoring of important enzymatic reactions, for (two‐photon) fluorescence imaging, and for high‐throughput diagnostics in biofluids is demonstrated. This study showcases that artificial receptor based on microporous hybrid materials can overcome standing limitations of synthetic chemosensors, paving the way towards personalized diagnostics and metabolomics.