Javier Orlando Cifuente

L-serine is a critical structural constituent of proteins and membrane phospholipids, playing major roles in cell signaling, metabolism and development. L-Serine is synthesized through a conserved de novo pathway starting from the glycolytic intermediate 3-phosphoglycerate (PGA), being oxidized by 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) into 3-phosphohydroxypyruvate (PHP). In certain organisms, PHGDH operates as a transhydrogenase using α-ketoglutarate rather than NAD ⁺ as the final electron acceptor and producing both PHP and D-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG). We provide high-resolution X-ray crystal structures of the transhydrogenase Ser33 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae , in complex with the cofactor NADH, and with PGA, PHP, 2HG and the negative allosteric regulator L-serine. Combining extensive alanine scanning mutagenesis, enzyme activity assays and kinetics, molecular dynamics simulations, biophysical methods, and phylogenetic analysis, we establish the molecular basis of substrate recognition, transhydrogenase activity, and allosteric inhibition mechanisms, including the role of an N-terminal extension in the regulation of eukaryotic Type II PHGDHs.

Protein phosphorylation is a universal regulatory mechanism, controlling virtually all aspects of bacterial physiology and pathogenesis, yet histidine phosphorylation remains among the least understood. The histidine phosphocarrier protein HPr not only drives bacterial glucose transmembrane uptake through the phosphotransferase system (PTS), but also controls key enzymes for central carbon metabolism, including glycogen phosphorylase (GP). Here we report cryoEM structures of multimeric Escherichia coli ^EcGP and their complexes with ^EcHPr. The EM maps reveal an unanticipated density at H806 of ^EcGP, consistent with histidine phosphorylation within a histidine-rich pocket at the N-terminal domain. Enzymatic assays reveal that ^EcHPr transfers a phosphoryl group to the N1 position of a histidine residue in ^EcGP. Through an integrative structural, mutational and functional approach, we uncover the molecular basis of ^EcHPr- ^EcGP selectivity and define the allosteric mechanism by which ^EcHPr regulates ^EcGP. We establish histidine phosphorylation as a mechanism of GP regulation, expanding the traditional paradigm of glycogen metabolism control in bacteria.

Protein O-linked mannose (O-Man) glycosylation is essential for mammalian development, and mutations in its biosynthetic glycosyltransferases cause severe muscular, neurological and cardiac disorders. Despite its biological and clinical importance, the structural basis of mammalian O-Man biosynthesis has remained unknown. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of human TMEM260, an endoplasmic reticulum glycosyltransferase that selectively catalyzes O-mannosylation of semaphorin plexin receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases cMET and RON, key regulators of cell guidance and migration. Structures of TMEM260 in a ternary complex with its natural donor dolichyl-phosphate-β-mannose (Dol-P-Man) and an acceptor peptide derived from plexin-B2, together with binary complexes with Dol-P-Man or a synthetic donor analogue, capture physiologically relevant, substrate-loaded states and reveal the structural basis of O-Man transfer. We identify a conserved O-mannosylation sequon that underlies acceptor specificity and show that TMEM260 modifies extended polypeptide substrates, consistent with a co-translational glycosylation mechanism. These findings establish the molecular mechanism of a mammalian O-mannosyltransferase required for the maturation of physiologically critical receptors and provide a structural framework for interpreting TMEM260-associated congenital malformations.

Capsules are long-chain carbohydrate polymers that envelop the surfaces of many bacteria, protecting them from host immune responses. Capsule biosynthesis enzymes are potential drug targets and valuable biotechnological tools for generating vaccine antigens. Despite their importance, it remains unknown how structurally variable capsule polymers of Gram-negative pathogens are linked to the conserved glycolipid anchoring these virulence factors to the bacterial membrane. Using Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae as an example, we demonstrate that CpsA and CpsC generate a poly(glycerol-3-phosphate) linker to connect the glycolipid with capsules containing poly(galactosylglycerol-phosphate) backbones. We reconstruct the entire capsule biosynthesis pathway in A. pleuropneumoniae serotypes 3 and 7, solve the X-ray crystal structure of the capsule polymerase CpsD, identify its tetratricopeptide repeat domain as essential for elongating poly(glycerol-3-phosphate) and show that CpsA and CpsC stimulate CpsD to produce longer polymers. We identify the CpsA and CpsC product as a wall teichoic acid homolog, demonstrating similarity between the biosynthesis of Gram-positive wall teichoic acid and Gram-negative capsules.

Bacteroidales (syn. Bacteroidetes) are prominent members of the human gastrointestinal ecosystem mainly due to their efficient glycan-degrading machinery, organized into gene clusters known as polysaccharide utilization loci (PULs). A single PUL was reported for catabolism of high-mannose (HM) N-glycan glyco-polypeptides in the gut symbiont Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, encoding a surface endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase), BT3987. Here, we discover an ENGase from the GH18 family in B. thetaiotaomicron, BT1285, encoded in a distinct PUL with its own repertoire of proteins for catabolism of the same HM N-glycan substrate as that of BT3987. We employ X-ray crystallography, electron microscopy, mass spectrometry-based activity measurements, alanine scanning mutagenesis and a broad range of biophysical methods to comprehensively define the molecular mechanism by which BT1285 recognizes and hydrolyzes HM N-glycans, revealing that the stabilities and activities of BT1285 and BT3987 were optimal in markedly different conditions. BT1285 exhibits significantly higher affinity and faster hydrolysis of poorly accessible HM N-glycans than does BT3987. We also find that two HM-processing endoglycosidases from the human gut-resident Alistipes finegoldii display condition-specific functional properties. Altogether, our data suggest that human gut microbes employ evolutionary strategies to express distinct ENGases in order to optimally metabolize the same N-glycan substrate in the gastroinstestinal tract.

Bacteria have acquired sophisticated mechanisms for assembling and disassembling polysaccharides of different chemistry. α-d-Glucose homopolysaccharides, so-called α-glucans, are the most widespread polymers in nature being key components of microorganisms. Glycogen functions as an intracellular energy storage while some bacteria also produce extracellular assorted α-glucans. The classical bacterial glycogen metabolic pathway comprises the action of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and glycogen synthase, whereas extracellular α-glucans are mostly related to peripheral enzymes dependent on sucrose. An alternative pathway of glycogen biosynthesis, operating via a maltose 1-phosphate polymerizing enzyme, displays an essential wiring with the trehalose metabolism to interconvert disaccharides into polysaccharides. Furthermore, some bacteria show a connection of intracellular glycogen metabolism with the genesis of extracellular capsular α-glucans, revealing a relationship between the storage and structural function of these compounds. Altogether, the current picture shows that bacteria have evolved an intricate α-glucan metabolism that ultimately relies on the evolution of a specific enzymatic machinery. The structural landscape of these enzymes exposes a limited number of core catalytic folds handling many different chemical reactions. In this Review, we present a rationale to explain how the chemical diversity of α-glucans emerged from these systems, highlighting the underlying structural evolution of the enzymes driving α-glucan bacterial metabolism.

Bacterial capsules have critical roles in host-pathogen interactions. They provide a protective envelope against host recognition, leading to immune evasion and bacterial survival. Here we define the capsule biosynthesis pathway of Haemophilus influenzae serotype b (Hib), a Gram-negative bacterium that causes severe infections in infants and children. Reconstitution of this pathway enabled the fermentation-free production of Hib vaccine antigens starting from widely available precursors and detailed characterization of the enzymatic machinery. The X-ray crystal structure of the capsule polymerase Bcs3 reveals a multi-enzyme machine adopting a basket-like shape that creates a protected environment for the synthesis of the complex Hib polymer. This architecture is commonly exploited for surface glycan synthesis by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens. Supported by biochemical studies and comprehensive 2D nuclear magnetic resonance, our data explain how the ribofuranosyltransferase CriT, the phosphatase CrpP, the ribitol-phosphate transferase CroT and a polymer-binding domain function as a unique multi-enzyme assembly.

Red blood cell antigens play critical roles in blood transfusion since donor incompatibilities can be lethal. Recipients with the rare total deficiency in H antigen, the O_hBombay phenotype, can only be transfused with group O_hblood to avoid serious transfusion reactions. We discover FucOB from the mucin-degrading bacteriaAkkermansia muciniphilaas an α-1,2-fucosidase able to hydrolyze Type I, Type II, Type III and Type V H antigens to obtain the afucosylated Bombay phenotype in vitro. X-ray crystal structures of FucOB show a three-domain architecture, including a GH95 glycoside hydrolase. The structural data together with site-directed mutagenesis, enzymatic activity and computational methods provide molecular insights into substrate specificity and catalysis. Furthermore, using agglutination tests and flow cytometry-based techniques, we demonstrate the ability of FucOB to convert universal O type into rare Bombay type blood, providing exciting possibilities to facilitate transfusion in recipients/patients with Bombay phenotype.

Bacterial pathogens have evolved intricate mechanisms to evade the human immune system, including the production of immunomodulatory enzymes. Streptococcus pyogenes serotypes secrete two multi-modular endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases, EndoS and EndoS2, that specifically deglycosylate the conserved N-glycan at Asn297 on IgG Fc, disabling antibody-mediated effector functions. Amongst thousands of known carbohydrate-active enzymes, EndoS and EndoS2 represent just a handful of enzymes that are specific to the protein portion of the glycoprotein substrate, not just the glycan component. Here, we present the cryoEM structure of EndoS in complex with the IgG1 Fc fragment. In combination with small-angle X-ray scattering, alanine scanning mutagenesis, hydrolytic activity measurements, enzyme kinetics, nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics analyses, we establish the mechanisms of recognition and specific deglycosylation of IgG antibodies by EndoS and EndoS2. Our results provide a rational basis from which to engineer novel enzymes with antibody and glycan selectivity for clinical and biotechnological applications.

Bacterial pathogens have evolved diverse and intricate mechanisms to evade the human immune system, including the production of immunomodulatory enzymes. Streptococcus pyogenes secretes two multi-modular endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidases, EndoS and EndoS2, that specifically deglycosylate the conserved N-linked glycan at Asn297 on IgG Fc, disabling antibody-mediated effector functions. Amongst thousands of known carbohydrate-active enzymes, EndoS and EndoS2 represent just a handful of enzymes that are specific to the protein portion of the glycoprotein substrate, not just the glycan component. Here, we present the cryoEM structure of EndoS in complex with the IgG1 Fc fragment. In combination with small-angle X-ray scattering, alanine scanning mutagenesis, hydrolytic activity measurements, enzyme kinetics, nuclear magnetic resonance and molecular dynamics analysis, we establish the mechanisms of recognition and specific deglycosylation of IgG antibodies by EndoS and EndoS2. Our results provide a rational basis from which to engineer novel enzymes with antibody and glycan selectivity for clinical and biotechnological applications.